Ch 53:

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

maintaining a steady internal environment while encountering environmental variation

Question 2

Allens rule

Answer 2

short limbs conserve heat (short ear arctic rabbits vs. long ear dessert rabbits)

Question 3

bergmanns rule:

Answer 3

body mass conserves heat. Larger animals have a lower surface area so they radiate less body heat per unit of mass

Question 4

Population

Answer 4

group of individuals of same species

Question 5

subpopulaiton

Answer 5

subdivisions of pop. associated with restricted pattern of movement

Question 6

what are two ways to estimate density?

Answer 6

plot sampling method- estimates plants and sessile animals

mark recapture method - estimates moving animals

Question 7

what is Dispersion and what are three types?

Answer 7

spacial location or disputation of org.s

random, uniform, clumped

Question 8

Dispersion: random

Answer 8

unpredictable spacing which the position of each individual is independent of others and this rarely occurs in nature

Question 9

Dispersion: uniform

Answer 9

evenly spaced individuals and occurs where there is discrete competition for resources

Question 10

Dispersion: clumped

Answer 10

individuals aggregate in patches and occurs in response to uneven distribution of resources or environmental condition

Question 11

what is Population Growth –

Answer 11

refers to how individuals increase or decrease over time

Question 12

what are Four Aspects of Population Growth

Answer 12

birth
death
immigration
emigration

Question 13

Logistics population growth

Answer 13

increased population until carrying capacity is reached

Question 14

Carrying capacity

Answer 14

maximum pop size an environment can support

Question 15

Density-dependent effects occur

Answer 15

when population increases (food shortage)

Question 16

Density-independent effects occur

Answer 16

regardless of pop size (natural calamities-fire/floods)

Question 17

Example of Density-dependent Effects

Answer 17

Soay Sheep on Hirta Island

Question 18

Two Types Life History Patterns

Answer 18

Semelparity – –one single reproductive event and they die

Iteroparity - produce offspring many times over seasons

Question 19

Two Factors Affecting Life History Patterns

Answer 19

Life Span and Fecundity

Question 20

Exponential Growth

Answer 20

population increase when there are no limitations on rate of growth

Question 21

What does the life table take into account?

Answer 21

-life tables take into account that birthrates and death rates vary with age.

Question 22

Survivorship Curves- Type I

Answer 22

heavy mortality at the end
of lifespan (humans)

Question 23

Survivorship Curves- Type II

Answer 23

survival rates do not vary
with age (birds, rodents & reptiles)

Question 24

Survivorship Curves- Type III

Answer 24

mortality extremely high
early in life (fish & invertebrates)
typically no parental care

Question 25

Life Span: Long-lived animals

Answer 25

start later in life and/or reproduce multiple

times

Question 26

Life Span: Short – lived animals

Answer 26

reproduce earlier in life and sometimes

only once

Question 27

Fecundity

Answer 27

number of young produced in each breeding bout

Question 28

K-selected animals

Answer 28

animals that live

near the carrying capacity

Question 29

R –selected animals

Answer 29

animals that live
way below the carrying
capacity. Reproduce early in
life, short lifespan, many eggs
no parental care