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Final Exam > CH 5 Organizing Principles > Flashcards

CH 5 Organizing Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three points of cell theory?

A

All organisms are made up of cellsThe cell is the fundamental unit of lifeCells come from pre existing cells

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2
Q

Define amphipathic

A

Phospholipid with both hydrophobic and hydrophillic ends

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3
Q

What is a Micelle lipid structure?

A

It is a one tail closed structure

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4
Q

What is a bylayer lipid structure?

A

Two tail closed structure

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5
Q

What is a liposome structure?What makes it important?

A

Small Inclosed bylayer structureUseful for the delivery of medicineit can spontaneously form

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6
Q

What holds lipids together?

A

Vander walls bonds Hydrophobic and hydrophillic end members

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7
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?

A

Saturated has single bondsUnsaturated has one double bond

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8
Q

What is the purpose of cholesterol?

A

At high temperatures cholesterol aids in keeping lipids togetherAt low temperatures cholesterol aids in keeping lipids fluid

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9
Q

Define lipid rafts?

A

Specific lipids that cluster in patches in the plasma membrane

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10
Q

Define channel proteins?

A

Open pore that allows free movement in and out of the cell

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11
Q

Define carrier proteins

A

Facilitate binding and releasing through the cell membrane

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12
Q

Define receptor proteins

A

Extra cellular signalsReceives instructions for environment

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13
Q

Define anchor proteins

A

Attaches to give cell shape and structure

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14
Q

What is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins?

A

Integral proteins span the entire cell membranePeripheral proteins are found either internally or externally

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15
Q

Explain the fluid mosaic model

A

Lipids and proteins coexist in the membrane, forming a “mosaic”Molecules moves laterally in the membrane, so membrane is “fluid”

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16
Q

Define the plasma membrane

A

Boundary that defines the space of the cellSeparates internal components from the surrounding environmentActively maintains intracellular conditions compatible with life (homeostasis is an active process)

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17
Q

Define cell walls

A

Maintains shape and internal composition of cells in some organisms(Protective)

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18
Q

Explain diffusion

A

Movement of solute from high to low concentrations through a permeable membrane

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19
Q

Does moving from high to low concentrations require energy?

A

No

20
Q

Define osmosis

A

Diffusion of water from high to low concentration

21
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Specific proteins channels that facilitate after diffusion

22
Q

Does primary active transport require energy? And if yes why?

A

YesBecause transport against a concentration gradient require ATP

23
Q

What’s pump is essential for cell homeostasis?

A

The sodium potassium pump

24
Q

Define secondary active transport

A

Transport driven by the creation of an electrochemical gradient and therefore energy provided is from the movement of protons and not by ATP directly

25
Q

Define a cotransporter

A

Coupled movement down concentration gradient of molecules or ions with the unfavourable (against conc gradient) of another

26
Q

What is the role of ATP in secondary active transport?

A

Used to create a electrochemical gradient to move molecules against a concentration gradient

27
Q

Who is Robert Hooke?

A

First person to coin the term “cell”

28
Q

Explain the four types of cell structure as they relate to osmosis in a solution with the solute concentration in extra cellular space

A

Hypertonic is shrivelledIsotonic is in homeostasisHypotonic is swollenVery hypotonic is lysed

29
Q

Define secondary active transport

A

Creation of an electrochemical gradient (using ATP) in the membrane provides energy for the movement of ions against their concentration gradient (proton movement provides energy)

30
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

A cell structure that absorbs water and contributes to turgor pressure

31
Q

Do prokaryotes have organelles?

A

No

32
Q

What are the 6 main differences between pro and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes. EukaryoteNucleus. No. YesTranscription location. Cytoplasm. NucleusTranslation location. Cytoplasm. CytoplasmCell membrane Additions. Hopanoids. Sterols(cholesterol)Size Small. LargeInternal organization. No organelles. Organelles

33
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small circular DNA separate from genomic DNA

34
Q

Define lumen

A

Interior space of endomembrane system

35
Q

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

A

Rough ER has ribosomes attached Smooth ER doesn’t have ribosomes attached

36
Q

How unattached ribosomes know when to attach to the ER?

A

With a signal sequence

37
Q

What occurs in the smooth ER?

A

Site of fatty acid and protein synthesis

38
Q

What Is smooth vs rough ER dependant on?

A

The function of the cell

39
Q

What are three functions of Golgi apparatus?

A

Further modify proteins and lipids in glyco proteins and glyco lipidsSorts proteins and lipids to their final destinationSynthesis most of the cells carbohydrates

40
Q

What is a lysosome? Is it acidic of basic?

A

Helps break down macromolecules to be used by the cellAcidic pH of 5

41
Q

Explain the process of protein destiny?

A

Free ribosomes code proteins, within those proteins a sequence of amino acids determines the destination of that protein.

42
Q

Where are no signal peptide destined?

A

The cytosol

43
Q

Where are amino-terminal signal destined?

A

To the chloroplast or mitochondria

44
Q

Where are internal signal proteins destined?

A

The nucleus

45
Q

Where are three places proteins produced by ribosomes on the RER end up?

A

Within the lumen of endomembrane systemEmbedded in its membraneSecreted out of the cell

46
Q

What are the four things that makes mitochondria and chloroplast important?

A

Not part of the endomembrane systemThese organelles harness energy for the cellContain their own genomesSemi-autonomous. Grow and multiply independently of other membrane compartments

Final Exam (19 decks)

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