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Final Exam > CH 2 Molecules of Life > Flashcards

CH 2 Molecules of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atom?

A

The basic unit of matter

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2
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons

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3
Q

Define an ion and provide an example.

A

An electrically charge atom. H+ is positively charged because it has lost an electron

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4
Q

Define orbital.

A

A region in space likely to host an electron

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5
Q

What is an atomic shell?

A

An energy level within an orbital.Electron will choose to occupy the shell closest to the nucleus first

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6
Q

What is the periodic table?

A

Elements are arranged by increasing number of protons, the atomic number. Elements in the same column share similar chemical properties.

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7
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A combination of atoms

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8
Q

Define a chemical bond?

A

A form of attraction between atoms that hold them together

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9
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons located at the highest energy level. Responsible for chemical bonding

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10
Q

What is a molecular orbital?

A

A merged orbital between two electrons

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11
Q

Define covalent bond

A

It is the sharing of electrons to form a molecular orbital

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12
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

The unequal sharing of electrons. Occurs due to differences in the electro negativity of atoms

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13
Q

Define electro negativity?

A

Increases along the periodic tableAs the number of protons increases electrons are held more tightly to the nucleus therefore less likely to transfer an electron

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14
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Occurs when a H atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (oxygen or nitrogen) interacts with an electronegative atom of another moleculeWeaker than covalent bonds

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15
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Bond between two ionsNa+ and Cl- form NaCl

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16
Q

What’s a polar molecule?

A

A molecule that has a + and a - regions

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17
Q

Define hydrophilic?

A

Water loving

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18
Q

Define hydrophobic?

A

Water fearing

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19
Q

What is the hydrophobic effect?

A

Polar molecules exclude non polar ones.Example cell membrane

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20
Q

When does a neutral PH occur?When does a acidic PH occur?When does a basic PH occur?

A

Neutral PH occurs when H+ = OH-Acidic PH occurs when H+ is greater than OH-Basic PH occurs when H+ is less than OH-

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21
Q

Why is ice less dense than water?

A

When water freezes the molecules bond with four other molecules into a crystal lattice structure. Making ice less dense

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22
Q

Define cohesive force?

A

Tendency to stick together

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23
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Contrastive tendency of the surface of a liquid to resist an external force

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24
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance that cannot be broken down further by chemistry

25
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

A molecule that contains carbonForms tetrahedronsAbility to rotate around a single bond. Cannot rotate around a double or triple bond

26
Q

Define isomer?Give an example

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formulae but have different structures.Lucine and isoleucine

27
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Provide structural support and act as catalysts during chemical reactions

28
Q

What is the role of nuclei acids?

A

Encode and transmit genetic information

29
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates?

A

Provide energyMakes up cell wall in plants, bacteria and algae

30
Q

What is the purpose of lipids?

A

Store energyMake cell membranes Act as a signalling molecule

31
Q

What is a polymer?What are the four main examples?

A

Complex molecules made up of repeated simpler units connected by covalent bondsAmino acids make up proteins Sugars make up carbohydratesFatty acids make up lipidsNucleotides make up nucleic acid

32
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Protein based catalysts that accelerates the rate of chemical reactions

33
Q

Describe a peptide bond

A

Links amino acids by the C atom of the carboxyl group to the N atom of the amino group

34
Q

What is DNA?

A

The genetic material in all organisms

35
Q

What’s is RNA?

A

Key player in protein synthesis and regulation of gene expression

36
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A

Joins adjacent pair of nucleotides using a phosphate group

37
Q

Explain a double helix

A

Two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other

38
Q

Define saccharides

A

Simplest form of sugars Form in linear or cyclic molecules

39
Q

What is the composition of sugars and what is the ratio?

A

Composed of C H O in a 1:2:1 ratio

40
Q

What is a monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide?

A

One simple sugar, two simple sugars linked by covalent bonds, combination of simple sugars

41
Q

What is a complex carbohydrates?

A

Long branched chains of monosaccharides

42
Q

Define aldoses

A

Monosaccharides with an attached aldehyde group

43
Q

Define ketoses

A

Monosaccharides with an attached ketone group

44
Q

What are glycosidic bonds?

A

Covalent bonds that attach monosaccharides

45
Q

Define triacylglycerol

A

Lipid used for energy storageMade up of three fatty acids joined to glycerol

46
Q

Define saturated fat

A

Fatty acids that do not contain a double bond

47
Q

Define unsaturated fat

A

Fatty acids that contain a C-C double bond

48
Q

Why are the kinks found in a fatty acid chain important?

A

Reduce tightness and therefore lower the melting point

49
Q

Describe van der waal forces

A

Temporarily polarized molecules weakly bonded to one another due to the attraction of opposite forces

50
Q

Define steroids

A

Second type of lipids Example cholesterol

51
Q

Define phospholipids

A

Third type of fatty acids major component of cell membranes

52
Q

Describe the Stanley miller experiment

A

Water vapour, ammonia, methane and hydrogen gas and collected. A spark is introduced and the formation of 20 amino acids is the result

53
Q

Know difference between RNA and DNA chemical structure

A

Ok

54
Q

Be able to identify nucleic acids

A

Ok

55
Q

Identify a phosphodiester bond

A

Ok

56
Q

Know the three types of carbohydrate molecules

A

Ok

57
Q

How are amino acids joined in a protein?

A

By a peptide bond

58
Q

Recognize a fatty acid molecule

A

Ok

Final Exam (19 decks)

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