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Final Exam > CH 10 Cell Form and Function Reading Guide > Flashcards

CH 10 Cell Form and Function Reading Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Define organ

A

Two or moser tissues working together to perform a function

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2
Q

What are the four basic tissue types

A

Epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle

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3
Q

What tissue type make up the heart

A

Muscle tissue to constrict, nerve tissue to conduct electrical impulses

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4
Q

What are the two main tissue layers of the skin? What aRe the main cell types in each?

A

Epidermis and dermis epidermis is made up of keratinocytes and melanocytes Dermis is made up of connective tissue main cells being fibroblasts

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5
Q

What structure separates the epidermis from the dermis?

A

The basal lamina

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6
Q

What are the main differences between the dermis and epidermis?

A

Epidermis made up of epithelial tissue, serves as water resistant and protective barrierDermis made up of connective tissue, has several nerve, sweat glands, veins and arteries

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7
Q

Why cytoskeletal types are universal among all eukaryotic cells?

A

Microtubules and micro filaments animal cells also have intermediate filaments

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8
Q

What do all three cytoskeletal types have in common?

A

Long chains made up of protein sub units

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9
Q

How are microtubules and micro filaments similar?

A

Both formed of circular monomers where microtubules are form by tube of Tubulin dimer

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10
Q

How are micro filament and intermediate filaments similar in structure?

A

Longer interwoven chains

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11
Q

What do centre some have to do with microtubules and micro filaments?

A

Organize the arrangement of the microtubules and micro filaments

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12
Q

Where are micro filaments located within the cell and what is there main function?

A

Located in the area just beneath the cell membrane. Used to provide structural support

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13
Q

Why are micro villi useful for the function of intestinal epithelial cells?

A

Good at absorption due to there large surface area

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14
Q

Hoe does micro filament enable the structure of micro villi?

A

Provide rigid column structure down the Center of the micro villi

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15
Q

What subunits make up the microtubules fibre?

A

Alpha and beta Tubulin

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16
Q

How does the centrosome relate to microtubules?

A

It is the organizing centres that arrange the microtubules Also form spindle apparatus that separates replicated chromosomes during cell division

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17
Q

How are microtubules involved in transport and movement?

A

They can be found in arrangements of cilia and flagella

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18
Q

Define cilia?

A

Hair like microtubules that cover the exterior of the cell

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19
Q

Define flagella

A

Tail like microtubules that whip to propel the cell

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20
Q

What is an exampl of a human cell that have cilia or flagella?

A

Cilia: found in the lungs to push mucus outFlagella: sperm cells used to swim

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21
Q

What is the role of microtubules during mitotic cell division?

A

Separates replicated chromosomes

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22
Q

What are the subunits that make up microfilaments?

A

Actin monomers

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23
Q

Where in the cell are microfilaments most likely to be found?

A

Are locate just beneath the cell membrane

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24
Q

How do microfilaments provide structural support for micro villi?

A

Microfilaments make up the micro villi Longer bundles form bands that extend the circumference of the cell

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25
Q

How are intermediate filaments different from microfilaments and microtubules?

A

There diameter is intermediate to microtubules and microfilamentsLamins can be found inside the nucleus and provide support for the nuclear envelop

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26
Q

What are four types of intermediate subunits?

A

In epithelial cells these are keratinIn fibroblasts they’re VimentinsNeurofilaments in neutronsLamins in cell nucleus

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27
Q

What is the intermediate filament associated with the epithelial cells of the epidermis?

A

Keratins Used to protect underlying tissue

28
Q

Where else in the body besides the epidermis can keratin intermediate filaments be found?

A

Lining of the intestine

29
Q

What’s the sub cellular localization of intermediate filaments?

A

Surrounding and within the nucleus

30
Q

Define dynamic instability

A

Microtubules undergo a random cycles of rapid shrinkage and slower growth

31
Q

What is the + and - end of the micro tubules and microfilaments?

A

The + end is the fast growing end the - end is slow growing

32
Q

Do subunits only add and subtract from their respective ends?

A

Yes + adds and - subtracts

33
Q

Why is it useful to the cell that microtubules and microfilaments are in a constant state of growth and shrinking?

A

Allows for rapid growth which becomes important in cell division

34
Q

What are the three type of movement a cell can do?

A

Relocation, change shape, movement of molecules from outside to inside the cell and around the inside of the cell

35
Q

Do intermediate filaments have motor proteins?

A

No

36
Q

Define a motor protein

A

Cause muscle contraction of actin within microfilaments inside muscle cell

37
Q

What’s the fuel that drive motor protein movement and where is the majority of this fuel produced in the cell?

A

ATP found in myosin

38
Q

Which motor protein associates with microfilaments and does this protein have directional movement?

A

Myosin yes has a shortening movement

39
Q

How are myosin and kinesin different?

A

Myosin binds to microfilaments and kinesin binds to microtubules

40
Q

Which end to kinesins and dyenins go to?

A

Kinesins go to the + Dyenins to the -

41
Q

How are cilia different from micro villi?

A

Cilia are made up microtubules cores while micro villi structure is supported by microfilaments

42
Q

Give an example of a crawling cell?

A

White blood cell chasing down foreign bacteria

43
Q

What type of cytoskeletal component is important for cell crawling?

A

Microfilaments

44
Q

Why do sponge cells from different sponges not mix together?

A

Due to different cadherins within the sponge cells associating only with its specific sponge

45
Q

What did j holtfreters experiment show that h v Wilson’s did Not?

A

That there are associated cadherins for different types of tissues. Ex. E-cadherins for epidermal cells

46
Q

Compare and contrast cadherins and integrins?

A

Cadherins are transmembrane proteins that connect cells to other cellsIntegrins are transmembrane proteins that connect cells to the extra cellular matrix

47
Q

Which types of cytoskeletal types are involved in adheren junctions and desmosomes?

A

Adheren junctions: cadherins bonded to microfilamentsDesmosomes: cadherins bonded to intermediate filaments

48
Q

What is the difference between hemidesmosome and desmosomes?

A

Hemidesmosome: use integrin to bind basal lamina to intermediate filaments (cell to connective tissue)Desmosomes: use cadherins binded to intermediate filaments (cell to cell)

49
Q

How are integrins and hemidesmosome different?

A

Integrins bind to microfilaments in the cell where hemidesmosomes bind to intermediate filaments in the cell

50
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

Junctional complexes that seal between cells so that travel between cells must be mitigated by cellular transport mechanisms

51
Q

Do tight functions provide a lot of tensile strength, is it enough for epithelial cells to adhere to each other using tight junctions?

A

No There function is to prevent passage of material between cells not to anchor them

52
Q

How can bands of tight junctions establish different regions of the cell?

A

Tight junctions can form regions of the cell which can prevent different molecules from diffusing from one end to the other

53
Q

How are gap junctions different from tight junctions?

A

Gap junctions allow for material to pass between cell membranes. There not used to anchor cells to other cells

54
Q

Where is the ECM located and how is it made?

A

Located in connective tissues to provide support and protection.It is synthesized, secreted and maintained by many types of cells

55
Q

What basic types of molecules is the ECM made of?

A

Proteins and polysaccharides

56
Q

What are some of the fibrous types of proteins found in the ECM?

A

Collagen, elastin and laminin

57
Q

If we compared the ECM to a concrete what components would be the rebar and what components would the masonry?

A

Rebar would be the collagen, elastin and laminin fibresThe masonry would be the gel like polysaccharide matrix

58
Q

How is collagen similar to and different from intermediate filaments?

A

Similar: long fibrous molecules formed into bundlesDifferent: triple helix structure

59
Q

What are fibroblasts and where can they be found?

A

A cell found in connective tissue that synthesizes collagen and the ECM

60
Q

Where do you find basal lamina and what is their function?

A

It is found at the base of all epithelial cellsProvides structural base of support

61
Q

Is the basal lamina made up of cells of by an ECM made of cells?

A

ECM as it contains collagen

62
Q

How are epithelial cells anchored to basal lamina, what cellular junction type is involved and what cell adhesion proteins are used?

A

Anchored by hemidesmosomesCell junction?Cell adhesion involves intermediate filaments and integrin

63
Q

Define malignant

A

Cn mestastize meaning break away from the main tumor and colonize distant cells

64
Q

Define benign

A

Tumours that are encapsulated and continuously divide because regulation of cell division has gone weary

65
Q

Why do some cells take on a flat shape or a three dimensional shape?

A

It depends on what matrix they’re grown on the cell will grow to Maxine it adhesions to the matrix

66
Q

Define a tissue

A

A biological collection of cells that work together to perform a specific function

Final Exam (19 decks)

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