Ch. 5 Macromolecules

Question 1

what are monomers and polymers?

Answer 1

monomer = smaller individual subunits [ex - glucose]
polymers = large molecules composed of monomers [ex - starch is a lot of glucose put together]

Question 1

what are the four major classes of macromolecule?

Answer 1

lipid/fat, carbohydrate, protein, and nucleic acids

Question 2

what is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 2

creating a larger molecule out of multiple smaller ones by removing H2O from the compound

Question 3

what is hydrolysis?

Answer 3

breaking a large molecule into smaller ones by adding H2O molecules

Question 4

what are the monomers for polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids?

Answer 4

monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides

Question 5

what is the function of monosaccharides?

Answer 5

short term energy, and can be converted / combined to polymers to make molecules such as glycoproteins

Question 6

what are disaccharides?

Answer 6

two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, alpha or beta, functions in energy

Question 7

what is the structure of polysaccharides [pearl necklace?]

Answer 7

formed by polymers of glucose joined by glycosidic linkage

Question 8

what are 4 examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 8

starch: energy storage in plants and a major carb source in humans
glycogen: energy storage in animals
cellulose: plant cell walls, indigestible due to beta 1-4 linkages which we can’t break down = fiber
chitin = exoskeleton in insects

Question 9

what is the structure of starch and cellulose?

Answer 9

starch: alpha 1-4 linkages in amylose; amylopectin has alpha 1-6 linkages; amylase breaks said linkages

cellulose has beta 1-4 linkages, can only be broken down by bacteria

Question 10

what is the general structure of lipids?

Answer 10

hydrophobic and composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen. many diverse structures, not polymers

Question 11

what are the 3 major types of lipids?

Answer 11

fats/fatty acids
phospholipids
steroids

Question 12

what is the structure and nomenclature of fatty acids?

Answer 12

-long hydrocarbon chains with carboxyl functional group
-single bonds only = saturated
-double bonds = unsaturated
-one double bond = monounsaturated

Question 13

what is the function of fatty acids?

Answer 13

forms triglycerides for long term energy storage

Question 14

what are the characteristics of saturated fatty acids?

Answer 14

-solid at room temp
-animal origin or from some plants - coconut and palm oils
-not very healthy to consume in large amounts

Question 15

what are the characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 15

-have one or more double bonds
-originate from vegetables

Question 16

why is hydrogenation and what does it result in?

Answer 16

hydrogenation = adds hydrogen to unsaturated fats to force them to become saturated
-results in a longer shelf life for food but also results in trans fats

Question 17

what is the structure and function of triglycerides?

Answer 17

-1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids joined into an ester linkage via dehydration synthesis
-long term fat storage in adipocytes

Question 18

what is the structure and function of phospholipids?

Answer 18

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group which is hydrophilic
-is amphipathic: hydrophob. and hydrophil.
-major component of all cell membranes

Question 19

what is the structure and function of steroids?

Answer 19

-carbon skeleton consisting of four fused carbon rings
-serves as hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, vitamin D
-cholesterol is the precursor to all steroids

Question 20

what are the 7 major different types of proteins?

Answer 20

enzymes
structural [collagen]
transport [hemoglobin]
hormones [ADH]
receptors
contractile [actin/myosin]
defensive

Question 21

what is the structure of proteins and what are their monomers?

Answer 21

monomers = amino acids
-possess amino and carboxyl functional groups
-differ in properties due to side chains called R Groups
-20 different kinds of amino acid

Question 22

what are the 3 types of R Group?

Answer 22

nonpolar = hydrophobic
polar = charged ions or w/ polar bonds
charged = + or - charge

Question 23

how are proteins formed from monomers?

Answer 23

monomers are joined by a peptide bond via dehydration synthesis
-many monomers join to form a polypeptide

Question 24

what are the four structures of protein formation? what shapes do they form?

Answer 24

1. primary = amino acid sequencing
2. secondary = alpha helixes and beta sheets with H bonds, folding/coiling of polypeptide
3. tertiary = forms 3D shape due to interactions w/ amino acids and R Groups, CAN be final stage of protein
4. quaternary = formed by 2 or more fully complete polypeptides interacting

Question 25

what is the structure of nucleotides?

Answer 25

nucleotide = nucleoside [ nitrogenous base + sugar ] + phosphate

Question 26

what are the two broad nitrogenous bases?

Answer 26

pyrimidines and purines

Question 27

what are purines and pyrmidines?

Answer 27

pyrimidines = 1 ringed, C U T
purines = 2 ringed, A G
sugar has 5’ and 3’ carbons

Question 28

what are the broad functions of nucleotides?

Answer 28

making energy molecules - ATP
neurotransmission = cAMP
building polymers - DNA and RNA

Question 29

what is the nucleic acid difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 29

DNA has thymine instead of uracil and vice versa

Question 30

what is the base pair bonding for DNA?

Answer 30

A bonds with T
C bonds with G
RNA - A bonds with U