Ch. 5 Macromolecules Flashcards
big idea: know the structure, function, and monomers of all 4 macromolecules. also understand their "sub divisions" ex - "lipids" covers fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids
what are monomers and polymers?
monomer = smaller individual subunits [ex - glucose]
polymers = large molecules composed of monomers [ex - starch is a lot of glucose put together]
what are the four major classes of macromolecule?
lipid/fat, carbohydrate, protein, and nucleic acids
what is dehydration synthesis?
creating a larger molecule out of multiple smaller ones by removing H2O from the compound
what is hydrolysis?
breaking a large molecule into smaller ones by adding H2O molecules
what are the monomers for polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids?
monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides
what is the function of monosaccharides?
short term energy, and can be converted / combined to polymers to make molecules such as glycoproteins
what are disaccharides?
two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, alpha or beta, functions in energy
what is the structure of polysaccharides [pearl necklace?]
formed by polymers of glucose joined by glycosidic linkage
what are 4 examples of polysaccharides?
starch: energy storage in plants and a major carb source in humans
glycogen: energy storage in animals
cellulose: plant cell walls, indigestible due to beta 1-4 linkages which we can’t break down = fiber
chitin = exoskeleton in insects
what is the structure of starch and cellulose?
starch: alpha 1-4 linkages in amylose; amylopectin has alpha 1-6 linkages; amylase breaks said linkages
cellulose has beta 1-4 linkages, can only be broken down by bacteria
what is the general structure of lipids?
hydrophobic and composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen. many diverse structures, not polymers
what are the 3 major types of lipids?
fats/fatty acids
phospholipids
steroids
what is the structure and nomenclature of fatty acids?
-long hydrocarbon chains with carboxyl functional group
-single bonds only = saturated
-double bonds = unsaturated
-one double bond = monounsaturated
what is the function of fatty acids?
forms triglycerides for long term energy storage
what are the characteristics of saturated fatty acids?
-solid at room temp
-animal origin or from some plants - coconut and palm oils
-not very healthy to consume in large amounts
what are the characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?
-have one or more double bonds
-originate from vegetables
why is hydrogenation and what does it result in?
hydrogenation = adds hydrogen to unsaturated fats to force them to become saturated
-results in a longer shelf life for food but also results in trans fats
what is the structure and function of triglycerides?
-1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids joined into an ester linkage via dehydration synthesis
-long term fat storage in adipocytes
what is the structure and function of phospholipids?
1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group which is hydrophilic
-is amphipathic: hydrophob. and hydrophil.
-major component of all cell membranes
what is the structure and function of steroids?
-carbon skeleton consisting of four fused carbon rings
-serves as hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, vitamin D
-cholesterol is the precursor to all steroids
what are the 7 major different types of proteins?
enzymes
structural [collagen]
transport [hemoglobin]
hormones [ADH]
receptors
contractile [actin/myosin]
defensive
what is the structure of proteins and what are their monomers?
monomers = amino acids
-possess amino and carboxyl functional groups
-differ in properties due to side chains called R Groups
-20 different kinds of amino acid
what are the 3 types of R Group?
nonpolar = hydrophobic
polar = charged ions or w/ polar bonds
charged = + or - charge
how are proteins formed from monomers?
monomers are joined by a peptide bond via dehydration synthesis
-many monomers join to form a polypeptide
what are the four structures of protein formation? what shapes do they form?
- primary = amino acid sequencing
- secondary = alpha helixes and beta sheets with H bonds, folding/coiling of polypeptide
- tertiary = forms 3D shape due to interactions w/ amino acids and R Groups, CAN be final stage of protein
- quaternary = formed by 2 or more fully complete polypeptides interacting
what is the structure of nucleotides?
nucleotide = nucleoside [ nitrogenous base + sugar ] + phosphate
what are the two broad nitrogenous bases?
pyrimidines and purines
what are purines and pyrmidines?
pyrimidines = 1 ringed, C U T
purines = 2 ringed, A G
sugar has 5’ and 3’ carbons
what are the broad functions of nucleotides?
making energy molecules - ATP
neurotransmission = cAMP
building polymers - DNA and RNA
what is the nucleic acid difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA has thymine instead of uracil and vice versa
what is the base pair bonding for DNA?
A bonds with T
C bonds with G
RNA - A bonds with U
