Ch. 35 Plant Structure & Growth

Question 1

what are the three basic organs of vascular plants? [reproductive organs not included]

Answer 1

roots, stems, and leaves

Question 2

what tissue types are roots composed of?

Answer 2

dermal tissue only

Question 3

what tissue types are stems and leaves composed of?

Answer 3

ground tissue

Question 4

what are the five main plant cells and what tissues do they form?

Answer 4

1. parenchyma = dermal / ground
2. collenchyma = ground
3. sclerenchyma = ground
4. xylem = vascular
5. phloem = vascular

Question 5

what is the function of roots?

Answer 5

-plant anchorage
-water / nutrient absorption & storage

Question 6

what are root hairs & what are their function?

Answer 6

-small tips on the end of roots
-function in extending surface area for absorption

Question 7

what is the structure of plant stems? what are apical & axillary buds?

Answer 7

-alternating system of nodes & internodes
-apical buds = lengthen the plant
axillary buds = widen the plant [branches]

Question 8

what is the function of a plant stem?

Answer 8

-support
-transporting water/minerals up and photosynthetic product around plant

Question 9

what is the structure of leaves?

Answer 9

leaves = flattened BLADE + PETIOLE [leaf stalk]

Question 10

what are the functions of plant leaves?

Answer 10

1. photosynthesis
2. attracting pollinators
3. support/storage/asexual reproduction

Question 11

how do monocot and eudicot leaves differ?

Answer 11

monocot = parallel veins, few petioles
eudicot = branching veins

Question 12

what are the 2 main types of plant reproductive structures & what is their function?

Answer 12

1. flowers = attract pollinators
2. fruits = protect & disperse seeds

Question 13

what are the three types of plant tissue?

Answer 13

dermal, ground, and vascular

Question 14

where is dermal tissue found?

Answer 14

-on the outermost layer of all parts of a plant

Question 15

what is the function of dermal tissue?

Answer 15

-protection & water conservation

Question 16

what is the structure of dermal tissue? [name the four main components]

Answer 16

1. epidermis = outermost, single layer of parenchyma cells
2. waxy cuticle = prevents water loss
3. periderm = epidermis in woody plants
4. trichomes = epidermal variations, lots of functions

Question 17

where is vascular tissue located?

Answer 17

-roots & shoots

Question 18

what is the function of vascular tissue? [what do xylem and phloem do?]

Answer 18

xylem = carries water/minerals from roots to shoots
phloem = carries sugary sap from source to sink

Question 19

what is the structure of vascular tissue?

Answer 19

stele = xylem + phloem = vascular cylinder/bundle

Question 20

how is the stele arranged in roots, shoots, and stems?

Answer 20

roots = stele is arranged in a cylinder
shoots = stele is arranged in many veins
stems = stele is arranged in bundles

Question 21

where is ground tissue located?

Answer 21

at the cortex = external to vascular tissue
at the pith = internal to vascular tissue

Question 22

what is the function of ground tissue?

Answer 22

photosynthesis / storage / support

Question 23

what is the structure of ground tissue? [what cells make it up?]

Answer 23

consists of parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma cells

Question 23

what is the function of parenchyma cells?

Answer 23

-does most metabolic functions: photosynthesis and storage. can divide into specialized cells if needed

Question 23

what is the structure of collenchyma cells?

Answer 23

unevenly thick primary wall, think a large oval with a smaller oval in the corner

Question 24

what is the structure of parenchyma cells?

Answer 24

-these cells have a thin, flexible cell wall with a large central vacuole [think a thin box with a circle in the middle]

Question 24

what is the function of collenchyma cells?

Answer 24

provides flexible support for growing structures - shoots and leaves

Question 25

what is the structure of sclerenchyma cells?

Answer 25

-thick cell walls, dead at maturity. think a giant circle that is entirely cell wall

Question 26

what is the function of sclerenchyma cells?

Answer 26

-support -provides hardness of nuts [sclereids] and fibers [hemp/flax]

Question 27

what is the structure of xylem?

Answer 27

-elongated tube, dead cell -has narrow tubes called tracheids -has wider, short tubes called vessel elements

Question 28

what is the structure of phloem?

Answer 28

-hollow tube cells [alive] with sieve plates inbetween cells -companion cells connected by plasmodesmata

Question 29

what is determinate and indeterminate growth in plants?

Answer 29

determinate = has a fixed height, will not go past it indeterminate = keeps growing throughout its life

Question 30

what are meristematic cells?

Answer 30

-the "stem cell" of plants, can continuously divide and create "derivative cells" that can differentiate into specialized cells

Question 31

what is the function of apical meristems? where is the meristem located?

Answer 31

apical meristem = primary growth, lengthening [taller] of shoots and roots -located at apical buds, axillary buds, root tips

Question 32

what is the function of lateral meristems? where is the meristem located?

Answer 32

lateral meristems = secondary growth, widening in diameter -meristem located in roots/shoots/branches

Question 33

what type of growth is vascular cambium responsible for?

Answer 33

secondary xylem / pholem

Question 34

what type of growth is cork cambium responsible for?

Answer 34

-dermal tissue / periderm -primary and secondary growth occur simultaneously

Question 35

how do roots grow? [where does it occur?]

Answer 35

-root growth occurs at the root tip -root contains apical meristem = stem cell divides, making a derivative

Question 36

what is the zone of elongation?

Answer 36

zone where cells grow larger, pushing the root down and making the plant longer

Question 37

what is the zone of differentiation?

Answer 37

zone where cells develop into specialized roles, contains root hairs

Question 38

what occurs in primary growth of shoots?

Answer 38

-leaf primordia are crowded together, become separated as internode cells elongate -growth occurs due to elongation after cell division -lateral branches arise from axillary buds

Question 39

what is the function of stomata? where are they located on a leaf?

Answer 39

-located most abundantly on the bottom of leaves -function in controlling the movement of water/O2 out of the leaf and CO2 into it -opening is regulated by guard cells

Question 40

what is the secondary plant body composed of?

Answer 40

tissues made by vascular cambium and cork cambium

Question 41

what are the two layers of cambium in the lateral meristem?

Answer 41

-cork cambium & vascular cambium

Question 42

what is vascular cambium?

Answer 42

-single layer of meristematic cells -develops from the primary vascular bundle -cells divide to form secondary xylem [wood] on the inside and secondary phloem on the outside

Question 43

what is early wood?

Answer 43

xylem produced in the spring. has larger cell diameter with thinner walls

Question 44

what is late wood?

Answer 44

xylem produced in the fall. has smaller cell diameter with thicker walls & darker wood

Question 45

what is heartwood?

Answer 45

secondary xylem no longer used for transport

Question 46

what is sapwood?

Answer 46

wood formed between heartwood and the bark, containing functioning vascular tissue

Question 47

what is cork and what is its function?

Answer 47

cork = outermost periderm -functions in protection

Question 48

what is bark and what is bark composed of?

Answer 48

bark = all tissues outside vascular cambium -bark = cork + cork cambium + secondary phloem