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BIO 103 > Ch. 35 Plant Structure & Growth > Flashcards

Ch. 35 Plant Structure & Growth Flashcards

big idea: plant tissues, cells, organs, as well as how they form. know the difference between monocots and eudicots in terms of structure (& finding good microscope pics of each can help)

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the three basic organs of vascular plants? [reproductive organs not included]

A

roots, stems, and leaves

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2
Q

what tissue types are roots composed of?

A

dermal tissue only

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3
Q

what tissue types are stems and leaves composed of?

A

ground tissue

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4
Q

what are the five main plant cells and what tissues do they form?

A
  1. parenchyma = dermal / ground
  2. collenchyma = ground
  3. sclerenchyma = ground
  4. xylem = vascular
  5. phloem = vascular
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5
Q

what is the function of roots?

A

-plant anchorage
-water / nutrient absorption & storage

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6
Q

what are root hairs & what are their function?

A

-small tips on the end of roots
-function in extending surface area for absorption

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7
Q

what is the structure of plant stems? what are apical & axillary buds?

A

-alternating system of nodes & internodes
-apical buds = lengthen the plant
axillary buds = widen the plant [branches]

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8
Q

what is the function of a plant stem?

A

-support
-transporting water/minerals up and photosynthetic product around plant

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9
Q

what is the structure of leaves?

A

leaves = flattened BLADE + PETIOLE [leaf stalk]

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10
Q

what are the functions of plant leaves?

A
  1. photosynthesis
  2. attracting pollinators
  3. support/storage/asexual reproduction
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11
Q

how do monocot and eudicot leaves differ?

A

monocot = parallel veins, few petioles
eudicot = branching veins

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12
Q

what are the 2 main types of plant reproductive structures & what is their function?

A
  1. flowers = attract pollinators
  2. fruits = protect & disperse seeds
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13
Q

what are the three types of plant tissue?

A

dermal, ground, and vascular

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14
Q

where is dermal tissue found?

A

-on the outermost layer of all parts of a plant

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15
Q

what is the function of dermal tissue?

A

-protection & water conservation

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16
Q

what is the structure of dermal tissue? [name the four main components]

A
  1. epidermis = outermost, single layer of parenchyma cells
  2. waxy cuticle = prevents water loss
  3. periderm = epidermis in woody plants
  4. trichomes = epidermal variations, lots of functions
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17
Q

where is vascular tissue located?

A

-roots & shoots

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18
Q

what is the function of vascular tissue? [what do xylem and phloem do?]

A

xylem = carries water/minerals from roots to shoots
phloem = carries sugary sap from source to sink

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19
Q

what is the structure of vascular tissue?

A

stele = xylem + phloem = vascular cylinder/bundle

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20
Q

how is the stele arranged in roots, shoots, and stems?

A

roots = stele is arranged in a cylinder
shoots = stele is arranged in many veins
stems = stele is arranged in bundles

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21
Q

where is ground tissue located?

A

at the cortex = external to vascular tissue
at the pith = internal to vascular tissue

22
Q

what is the function of ground tissue?

A

photosynthesis / storage / support

23
Q

what is the structure of ground tissue? [what cells make it up?]

A

consists of parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma cells

23
Q

what is the function of parenchyma cells?

A

-does most metabolic functions: photosynthesis and storage. can divide into specialized cells if needed

23
Q

what is the structure of collenchyma cells?

A

unevenly thick primary wall, think a large oval with a smaller oval in the corner

24
Q

what is the structure of parenchyma cells?

A

-these cells have a thin, flexible cell wall with a large central vacuole [think a thin box with a circle in the middle]

24
Q

what is the function of collenchyma cells?

A

provides flexible support for growing structures - shoots and leaves

25
Q

what is the structure of sclerenchyma cells?

A

-thick cell walls, dead at maturity. think a giant circle that is entirely cell wall

26
Q

what is the function of sclerenchyma cells?

A

-support
-provides hardness of nuts [sclereids] and fibers [hemp/flax]

27
Q

what is the structure of xylem?

A

-elongated tube, dead cell
-has narrow tubes called tracheids
-has wider, short tubes called vessel elements

28
Q

what is the structure of phloem?

A

-hollow tube cells [alive] with sieve plates inbetween cells
-companion cells connected by plasmodesmata

29
Q

what is determinate and indeterminate growth in plants?

A

determinate = has a fixed height, will not go past it
indeterminate = keeps growing throughout its life

30
Q

what are meristematic cells?

A

-the “stem cell” of plants, can continuously divide and create “derivative cells” that can differentiate into specialized cells

31
Q

what is the function of apical meristems? where is the meristem located?

A

apical meristem = primary growth, lengthening [taller] of shoots and roots
-located at apical buds, axillary buds, root tips

32
Q

what is the function of lateral meristems? where is the meristem located?

A

lateral meristems = secondary growth, widening in diameter
-meristem located in roots/shoots/branches

33
Q

what type of growth is vascular cambium responsible for?

A

secondary xylem / pholem

34
Q

what type of growth is cork cambium responsible for?

A

-dermal tissue / periderm
-primary and secondary growth occur simultaneously

35
Q

how do roots grow? [where does it occur?]

A

-root growth occurs at the root tip
-root contains apical meristem = stem cell divides, making a derivative

36
Q

what is the zone of elongation?

A

zone where cells grow larger, pushing the root down and making the plant longer

37
Q

what is the zone of differentiation?

A

zone where cells develop into specialized roles, contains root hairs

38
Q

what occurs in primary growth of shoots?

A

-leaf primordia are crowded together, become separated as internode cells elongate
-growth occurs due to elongation after cell division
-lateral branches arise from axillary buds

39
Q

what is the function of stomata? where are they located on a leaf?

A

-located most abundantly on the bottom of leaves
-function in controlling the movement of water/O2 out of the leaf and CO2 into it
-opening is regulated by guard cells

40
Q

what is the secondary plant body composed of?

A

tissues made by vascular cambium and cork cambium

41
Q

what are the two layers of cambium in the lateral meristem?

A

-cork cambium & vascular cambium

42
Q

what is vascular cambium?

A

-single layer of meristematic cells
-develops from the primary vascular bundle
-cells divide to form secondary xylem [wood] on the inside and secondary phloem on the outside

43
Q

what is early wood?

A

xylem produced in the spring. has larger cell diameter with thinner walls

44
Q

what is late wood?

A

xylem produced in the fall. has smaller cell diameter with thicker walls & darker wood

45
Q

what is heartwood?

A

secondary xylem no longer used for transport

46
Q

what is sapwood?

A

wood formed between heartwood and the bark, containing functioning vascular tissue

47
Q

what is cork and what is its function?

A

cork = outermost periderm
-functions in protection

48
Q

what is bark and what is bark composed of?

A

bark = all tissues outside vascular cambium
-bark = cork + cork cambium + secondary phloem

BIO 103 (24 decks)

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