Ch. 38 Angiosperm Reproduction

Question 1

what is the function of sepals?

Answer 1

to enclose and protect the bud of a flower

Question 2

what is the function of petals?

Answer 2

to attract pollinators by size/colour/shape

Question 3

what are the components of the stamen?

Answer 3

the anther and filament

Question 4

what is the function of a stamen?

Answer 4

to produce pollen grains, which contain the male sex cells of plants

Question 5

what are the four components of the carpel?

Answer 5

style, ovary, ovule, stigma

Question 6

what is the function of the plant ovary?

Answer 6

to house ovules, which will become the fruit of the plant once fertilized

Question 7

what is the function of the plant ovules?

Answer 7

to house the egg cells and receive pollen from angiosperm pollen grains, will make the seed once fertilized

Question 8

what is the function of the style?

Answer 8

to serve as the “bridge” between the ovary and stigma

Question 9

what is the function of the stigma?

Answer 9

to act as a landing platform for sperm, which then travel down the style

Question 10

what are complete flowers?

Answer 10

flowers with all 4 floral organs = bisexual = may be able to self fertilize (M AND F)

Question 11

what are incomplete flowers?

Answer 11

flowers that lack a particular reproductive organ. may be unisexual (M OR F)

Question 12

what is a monoecious plant?

Answer 12

a plant with both types of unisex flowers

Question 13

what is a dioecious plant?

Answer 13

a plant which only has one sex (all male or female flowers)

Question 14

what do sporophytes produce?

Answer 14

spores in the form of megasporocytes [female] and microsporocytes [male]

Question 15

what is a composite flower?

Answer 15

a flower composed of multiple smaller flowers aggregated together [sunflowers/daisies]

Question 16

what are the two phases angiosperm plants go through in alternation of generations?

Answer 16

-sporophyte [2n] and gametophyte [n] phases

Question 17

what do microsporocytes produce? is it using mitosis or meiosis?

Answer 17

2n microsporocytes produce n microspores through meiosis

Question 18

what do microspores produce? do they use mitosis or meiosis?

Answer 18

-n microspores produce male gametophytes [pollen grains - n] through mitosis

Question 19

what do male gametophytes produce?

Answer 19

gametes - sperm cells which are 1n

Question 20

what do megasporocytes produce, and is it through mitosis or meiosis?

Answer 20

megasporocytes [2n] produce megaspores [n] through meiosis

Question 21

what do megaspores produce, and is it through mitosis or meiosis?

Answer 21

megaspores produce female gametophytes [n] - embryo sacs - through mitosis

Question 22

what happens to the ovary and ovule upon fertilization?

Answer 22

the ovary becomes the fruit; the ovule becomes the seed

Question 23

what is the function of the egg?

Answer 23

to fuse with 1 of the 2 pollen sperms to make a zygote

Question 24

what is the function of polar nuclei?

Answer 24

to fuse with 1 of the 2 pollen sperms to produce the endosperm

Question 25

what is the function of the synergids?

Answer 25

to guide the pollen sperm cells to the egg + polar nuclei

Question 26

what 8 cells are formed by the megaspore’s embryo sac?

Answer 26

1x egg
2x polar nuclei
2x synergids
3x antipodal cells [unknown function]

Question 27

what is pollination?

Answer 27

the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

Question 28

what are pollinators?

Answer 28

animals that facilitate the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma - butterflies, bees, bats, moths, flies, etc

Question 29

what are the 3 components of a fertilized seed?

Answer 29

seed coat - protects the seed
embryo - develops from zygote
endosperm - provides food

Question 30

how does the endosperm differ in monocots and eudicots?

Answer 30

monocots - endosperm stays in seed
eudicots - endosperm becomes 2x cotyledons

Question 31

what is seed dormancy?

Answer 31

a state of low metabolic rate (no growth / development) until the right environmental conditions occur

Question 32

what is germination?

Answer 32

the breaking of the seed coat by the seed, depends on imbibition

Question 33

what is the radicle?

Answer 33

the part of the plant embryo that becomes the primary root - will be the 1st to leave the seed

Question 34

if the radicle is the 1st structure to leave the seed, what is the 2nd?

Answer 34

-hypocotyl in eudicots
-coleoptile in monocots

Question 35

what is the function of the fruit?

Answer 35

to protect and disperse seeds

Question 36

why does fruit only develop for pollinated flowers?

Answer 36

no pollination = no seed = nothing to disperse = no point making a fruit