Ch. 40 Intro to Animals

Question 1

what is the relationship between surface area and volume?

Answer 1

surface area increases more slowly than volume

Question 2

how do simple animals [ex, unicellular] access nutrients and remove wastes?

Answer 2

through diffusion and active transport across membranes

Question 3

how do cells in large animals [humans] access nutrients and remove wastes?

Answer 3

through organ systems & interstitial fluid

Question 4

what is interstitial fluid?

Answer 4

fluid [composed of water & solutes] located between cells

Question 5

what is the function of interstitial fluid?

Answer 5

to allow for fast diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes between circulatory systems and cells

Question 6

what is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 6

to form the “framework” of the body & bind tissues together

Question 6

what is the hierarchy of body plans from smallest to largest?

Answer 6

cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems

Question 7

what is the function of epithelium tissue?

Answer 7

to line the inner & outer surfaces of the body

Question 8

what is the function of nervous tissue?

Answer 8

communication, coordination of body activities

Question 9

what is the function of muscular tissue?

Answer 9

to move the body and its contents through excitation/contraction

Question 10

what are the two forms of epithelial tissue?

Answer 10

1. thin, single cell layers - for diffusion [lungs]
2. multilayered cells - for protection [inside of mouth]

Question 11

what is the definition of an organ?

Answer 11

an organ is different types of tissues arranged in a specific fashion

Question 12

what is an organ system?

Answer 12

different organs working together with a common function

Question 13

what is the function of microvilli?

Answer 13

to increase surface area for absorption [in areas where body needs it - intestine/kidney]

Question 13

what is a lumen?

Answer 13

the inside space of an organ structure, such as the inside of a blood vessel or intestines

Question 14

what is the function of cilia?

Answer 14

to move mucus in various parts of the body [ex, respiratory tract]

Question 15

what are the three SIMPLE epithelial cell types?

Answer 15

1. squamous
2. cuboidal
3. columnar

Question 16

what are the three classes of epithelium?

Answer 16

1. simple = one cell layer thick
2. pseudostratified columnar = one layer of columnar cells that looks like multiple layers
3. stratified = multiple cell layers

Question 17

what is the structure of connective tissue?

Answer 17

-composed primarily of extracellular matrix with a small number of cells distributed within

Question 18

what is extracellular matrix?

Answer 18

a complex of proteins and “fluid” organized in a haphazard way

Question 18

what is the most common fiber in connective tissue?

Answer 18

collagen

Question 19

what are the 6 types of connective tissue?

Answer 19

loose CT
adipose CT
dense CT
cartilage
bone
blood

Question 20

what is the function of loose connective tissue?

Answer 20

to serve as “glue” to bind different tissues together

Question 21

what is the function of adipose connective tissue?

Answer 21

to cushion, insulate, and store energy [adipose = fat = energy]

Question 22

what is the function of dense connective tissue?

Answer 22

bind bone to bone = ligaments bind muscle to bone = tendons support for skin & other tissues

Question 23

what is the function of cartilage?

Answer 23

to provide flexible support for key parts of the body [joints, ribcage]

Question 24

what is the function of bone?

Answer 24

to support the body's weight & produce red blood cells

Question 25

what is the function of blood?

Answer 25

to transport gases, nutrients, hormones, and more throughout the body

Question 26

what are the three types of muscular tissue?

Answer 26

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Question 27

what is the function of skeletal muscle? is it voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 27

to provide support & VOLUNTARY movement of the body

Question 28

what is the function of cardiac muscle? is it voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 28

to pump blood INVOLUNTARILY - only found in the heart

Question 29

what is the function of smooth muscle? is it voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 29

to move the contents of the body [intestines, blood] & control passages such as sphincters - INVOLUNTARY

Question 30

what is the structure of nervous tissue?

Answer 30

-nervous tissue = neurons, which have one cell body which branches off into many processes

Question 31

what is the function of nervous tissue?

Answer 31

to receive information, integrate information, and send signals to other neurons or muscles

Question 32

what is a regulator?

Answer 32

an animal that maintains its internal conditions regardless of external conditions - such as mammals with body temp

Question 33

what is a conformer?

Answer 33

an animal whose internal conditions vary based on the external conditions - such as fish with body temp

Question 34

what is homeostasis?

Answer 34

the ability to maintain conditions in the body in dynamic equilibrium based on an ideal "set point"

Question 35

what is negative feedback?

Answer 35

a mechanism of returning to homeostasis by creating changes that oppose the initial stimulus (ex - if body temp gets too low, negative feedback works to bring it back up)

Question 36

what are the four components of a negative feedback system?

Answer 36

1. stimulus 2. receptor / sensor 3. control center 4. effectors

Question 37

what is the "stimulus" component of the negative feedback system?

Answer 37

a physiological variable that can be measured / "recorded" in the body. such as a low body temp

Question 38

what is the "sensor" component of the negative feedback system?

Answer 38

a specialized receptor that can sense a stimulus. such as thermoreceptors for body temp

Question 39

what is the "control center" component of the negative feedback system?

Answer 39

a "center" [usually the brain] that integrates receptor info and sends out effectors to actualize the change. such as the hypothalamus regulating body temp

Question 40

what is the "effector" component of the negative feedback system?

Answer 40

an action that is carried out to reverse the initial negative feedback stimulus. such as shivering/moving to increase body temp

Question 41

what is positive feedback?

Answer 41

when a stimulus received by the body results in an amplified version of that stimulus. think blood clotting / pregnancy

Question 42

what is thermoregulation?

Answer 42

the process by which animals maintain their body temp within a tolerable range

Question 43

what are endotherms?

Answer 43

animals that obtain heat from their metabolism [the INSIDE], such as mammals

Question 44

what are ectotherms?

Answer 44

animals that obtain heat from their surroundings [the OUTSIDE], such as reptiles

Question 45

what is bioenergetics?

Answer 45

the study of energy flow through an animal

Question 46

what is metabolic rate?

Answer 46

the sum of all energy requirements of an animal over a period of time

Question 47

what is the basal metabolic rate?

Answer 47

the minimum energy required for an endotherm at optimum temperature, typically a big number

Question 48

what are the units of measurement for metabolic rate?

Answer 48

kilocalorie (kcal) or joule (J / kJ)

Question 49

what is the standard metabolic rate?

Answer 49

the minimum energy required for an ectotherm, which varies with temperature

Question 50

why do ectotherms have a much less demanding metabolic rate than endotherms?

Answer 50

they don't need to spend energy to keep themselves warm; their environment does it for them

Question 51

how does size influence metabolic rate in terms of calories per day?

Answer 51

metabolic rate / energy intake is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to body mass. large animals need more energy than small ones

Question 52

how does size influence metabolic rate in terms of gram per body mass?

Answer 52

metabolic rate per gram of body mass is INVERSELY proportional to body mass. small animals have higher metabolic rates per gram of body mass than big ones

Question 53

why do smaller animals have a higher metabolic rate (gram per body mass) than larger animals?

Answer 53

small animals have a higher surface area - volume ratio, meaning they lose heat faster