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BIO 103 > Ch. 40 Intro to Animals > Flashcards

Ch. 40 Intro to Animals Flashcards

big ideas: tissue types, homeostasis, + and - feedback, bioenergetics & metabolic rates

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1
Q

what is the relationship between surface area and volume?

A

surface area increases more slowly than volume

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2
Q

how do simple animals [ex, unicellular] access nutrients and remove wastes?

A

through diffusion and active transport across membranes

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3
Q

how do cells in large animals [humans] access nutrients and remove wastes?

A

through organ systems & interstitial fluid

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4
Q

what is interstitial fluid?

A

fluid [composed of water & solutes] located between cells

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5
Q

what is the function of interstitial fluid?

A

to allow for fast diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes between circulatory systems and cells

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6
Q

what is the function of connective tissue?

A

to form the “framework” of the body & bind tissues together

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6
Q

what is the hierarchy of body plans from smallest to largest?

A

cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems

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7
Q

what is the function of epithelium tissue?

A

to line the inner & outer surfaces of the body

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8
Q

what is the function of nervous tissue

A

communication, coordination of body activities

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9
Q

what is the function of muscular tissue?

A

to move the body and its contents through excitation/contraction

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10
Q

what are the two forms of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. thin, single cell layers - for diffusion [lungs]
  2. multilayered cells - for protection [inside of mouth]
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11
Q

what is the definition of an organ?

A

an organ is different types of tissues arranged in a specific fashion

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12
Q

what is an organ system?

A

different organs working together with a common function

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13
Q

what is the function of microvilli?

A

to increase surface area for absorption [in areas where body needs it - intestine/kidney]

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13
Q

what is a lumen?

A

the inside space of an organ structure, such as the inside of a blood vessel or intestines

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14
Q

what is the function of cilia?

A

to move mucus in various parts of the body [ex, respiratory tract]

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15
Q

what are the three SIMPLE epithelial cell types?

A
  1. squamous
  2. cuboidal
  3. columnar
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16
Q

what are the three classes of epithelium?

A
  1. simple = one cell layer thick
  2. pseudostratified columnar = one layer of columnar cells that looks like multiple layers
  3. stratified = multiple cell layers
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17
Q

what is the structure of connective tissue?

A

-composed primarily of extracellular matrix with a small number of cells distributed within

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18
Q

what is extracellular matrix?

A

a complex of proteins and “fluid” organized in a haphazard way

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18
Q

what is the most common fiber in connective tissue?

A

collagen

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19
Q

what are the 6 types of connective tissue?

A

loose CT
adipose CT
dense CT
cartilage
bone
blood

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20
Q

what is the function of loose connective tissue?

A

to serve as “glue” to bind different tissues together

21
Q

what is the function of adipose connective tissue?

A

to cushion, insulate, and store energy [adipose = fat = energy]

22
Q

what is the function of dense connective tissue?

A

bind bone to bone = ligaments
bind muscle to bone = tendons
support for skin & other tissues

23
Q

what is the function of cartilage?

A

to provide flexible support for key parts of the body [joints, ribcage]

24
Q

what is the function of bone?

A

to support the body’s weight & produce red blood cells

25
Q

what is the function of blood?

A

to transport gases, nutrients, hormones, and more throughout the body

26
Q

what are the three types of muscular tissue?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

27
Q

what is the function of skeletal muscle? is it voluntary or involuntary?

A

to provide support & VOLUNTARY movement of the body

28
Q

what is the function of cardiac muscle? is it voluntary or involuntary?

A

to pump blood INVOLUNTARILY - only found in the heart

29
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle? is it voluntary or involuntary?

A

to move the contents of the body [intestines, blood] & control passages such as sphincters - INVOLUNTARY

30
Q

what is the structure of nervous tissue?

A

-nervous tissue = neurons, which have one cell body which branches off into many processes

31
Q

what is the function of nervous tissue?

A

to receive information, integrate information, and send signals to other neurons or muscles

32
Q

what is a regulator?

A

an animal that maintains its internal conditions regardless of external conditions - such as mammals with body temp

33
Q

what is a conformer?

A

an animal whose internal conditions vary based on the external conditions - such as fish with body temp

34
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the ability to maintain conditions in the body in dynamic equilibrium based on an ideal “set point”

35
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

a mechanism of returning to homeostasis by creating changes that oppose the initial stimulus (ex - if body temp gets too low, negative feedback works to bring it back up)

36
Q

what are the four components of a negative feedback system?

A
  1. stimulus
  2. receptor / sensor
  3. control center
  4. effectors
37
Q

what is the “stimulus” component of the negative feedback system?

A

a physiological variable that can be measured / “recorded” in the body. such as a low body temp

38
Q

what is the “sensor” component of the negative feedback system?

A

a specialized receptor that can sense a stimulus. such as thermoreceptors for body temp

39
Q

what is the “control center” component of the negative feedback system?

A

a “center” [usually the brain] that integrates receptor info and sends out effectors to actualize the change. such as the hypothalamus regulating body temp

40
Q

what is the “effector” component of the negative feedback system?

A

an action that is carried out to reverse the initial negative feedback stimulus. such as shivering/moving to increase body temp

41
Q

what is positive feedback?

A

when a stimulus received by the body results in an amplified version of that stimulus. think blood clotting / pregnancy

42
Q

what is thermoregulation?

A

the process by which animals maintain their body temp within a tolerable range

43
Q

what are endotherms?

A

animals that obtain heat from their metabolism [the INSIDE], such as mammals

44
Q

what are ectotherms?

A

animals that obtain heat from their surroundings [the OUTSIDE], such as reptiles

45
Q

what is bioenetgetics?

A

the study of energy flow through an animal

46
Q

what is metabolic rate?

A

the sum of all energy requirements of an animal over a period of time

47
Q

what is the basal metabolic rate?

A

the minimum energy required for an endotherm at optimum temperature, typically a big number

48
Q

what are the units of measurement for metabolic rate?

A

kilocalorie (kcal) or joule (J / kJ)

49
Q

what is the standard metabolic rate?

A

the minimum energy required for an ectotherm, which varies with temperature

50
Q

why do ectotherms have a much less demanding metabolic rate than endotherms?

A

they don’t need to spend energy to keep themselves warm; their environment does it for them

51
Q

how does size influence metabolic rate in terms of calories per day?

A

metabolic rate / energy intake is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to body mass. large animals need more energy than small ones

52
Q

how does size influence metabolic rate in terms of gram per body mass?

A

metabolic rate per gram of body mass is INVERSELY proportional to body mass. small animals have higher metabolic rates per gram of body mass than big ones

53
Q

why do smaller animals have a higher metabolic rate (gram per body mass) than larger animals?

A

small animals have a higher surface area - volume ratio, meaning they lose heat faster

BIO 103 (24 decks)

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