Ch. 46 - Animal Reproduction

Question 1

what type of genetic offspring is produced by asexual reproduction?

Answer 1

a genetically identical clone

Question 2

what type of genetic offspring is produced by sexual reproduction

Answer 2

a genetically unique offspring

Question 3

what are some advantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 3

-fast
-no mate needed
-good in a stable environment

Question 4

what is parthenogenesis?

Answer 4

a form of asexual reproduction where an unfertilized haploid egg grows into a haploid adult

Question 5

what is hermaphroditism?

Answer 5

a form of sexual reproduction where one individual produces both types of gametes

Question 6

what is sequential hermaphroditism?

Answer 6

a form of sexual reproduction where one individual changes sex at some age

Question 7

what is the function of the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 7

to produce sperm

Question 8

what is the function of interstitial cells?

Answer 8

to surround the seminiferous tubules of the testes and secrete testosterone

Question 9

what is the function of the sustentacular cells?

Answer 9

to secrete inhibin and ABP from within the seminiferous tubules

Question 10

what three cells/structures are within the testes?

Answer 10

-seminiferous tubules
-sustentacular cells
-interstitial cells

Question 11

what is the structure of a sperm?

Answer 11

-an acrosome with enzymes to break into egg
-head contains DNA
-a midpiece with mitochondria
-flagella made of microtubules for swimming

Question 12

what is the epididymis?

Answer 12

the site of sperm maturation and storage until ejaculation

Question 13

what is the vas deferens?

Answer 13

a muscular tube that moves sperm to the prostate gland during ejaculation

Question 14

what are seminal vesicles?

Answer 14

two glands that secrete semen, secretions include fructose, clotting factors, and prostaglandins for uterine contractions

Question 15

why do sperm cells need fructose in semen?

Answer 15

to allow them to undergo cellular respiration

Question 16

what is the location of the prostate gland?

Answer 16

located just below the bladder & surrounds the urethra

Question 17

what is the function of the prostate gland?

Answer 17

to secrete semen into the urethra, secretions include clotting factors, enzymes, and prostaglandins

Question 18

what is the location of the bulbourethral gland?

Answer 18

under the prostate gland

Question 19

what is the function of the bulbourethral gland?

Answer 19

to produce pre-ejaculate, which is a basic secretion to neutralize the acidity of the vagina

Question 20

what is the function of the urethra? where does the urethra start?

Answer 20

to expel urine / ejaculate
urethra starts in the prostate gland

Question 21

what is the structure of the ovary?

Answer 21

-the ovary contains follicles with immature eggs

Question 22

what is the function of the ovary?

Answer 22

to produces eggs for ovulation and to secrete and produce estrogen and progesterone

Question 23

what is a follicle?

Answer 23

cells surrounding the developing ovum

Question 24

what are the uterine tubes?

Answer 24

oviducts lined with ciliated cells that move the egg towards the uterus

Question 25

what are the two linings of the uterus?

Answer 25

endometrium: the inner lining which sloughs monthly myometrium: smooth muscle that grows with pregnancy

Question 26

what is the cervix?

Answer 26

the opening to the uterus, covered with a protective mucus plug

Question 27

what is the corpus luteum?

Answer 27

a temporary collection of cells that secretes estrogens and progesterone during ovulation

Question 28

how are sperm cells formed?

Answer 28

-a primary spermatocyte (2n) undergoes meiosis to produce four 1n sperm

Question 29

what is spermatogenesis?

Answer 29

the production of sperm cells

Question 30

what are the three main reproductive hormones used in the body?

Answer 30

GnRH - released from hypothalamus, which activates: FSH and LH - released from anterior pituitary

Question 31

what are the effects of LH in men?

Answer 31

-matures the male reproductive system & causes puberty by causing interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

Question 32

what are the effects of LH in women?

Answer 32

-stimulates the endometrium to store nutrients by causing the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone

Question 33

what are the effects of FSH in men?

Answer 33

-acts on sustentacular cells, which secrete inhibin and ABP, which activate testosterone and turn off FSH secretions

Question 34

what are the characteristics of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 34

-occurs in primates; endometrium is sloughed monthly -ovulation is "hidden"

Question 35

what are the characteristics of the estrous cycle?

Answer 35

-occurs in non-primate mammals; overt ovulation and receptivity -endometrium is not sloughed and occurs fewer times per year

Question 36

what is the function of FSH in female reproduction?

Answer 36

acts on follicular cells to secrete estrogen. stimulating the endometrium to grow

Question 37

what two components make up the sexual cycle?

Answer 37

the ovarian cycle + the menstrual cycle

Question 38

what is the function of the follicular cells during pre-ovulation?

Answer 38

the follicle cells secrete estrogens and eventually become the corpus luteum once the ovum is released, which secretes progesterone post ovultation

Question 39

where does fertilization occur?

Answer 39

in the uterine tube, near the ovary

Question 40

what hormone is secreted by a fertilized zygote?

Answer 40

HCG / human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 41

what is the function of human chorionic gonadotropin?

Answer 41

-takes over the role of LH to keep the corpus luteum and endometrium of the uterus alive and not sloughed

Question 42

what occurs to the fertilized egg 1-2 weeks after fertilization?

Answer 42

the egg implants in the endometrium as a blastocyst

Question 43

what is the role of the placenta?

Answer 43

to secrete estrogen and progesterone

Question 44

what is the function of progesterone?

Answer 44

to suppress development of new follicles and support the endometrium

Question 45

what is the function of estrogen?

Answer 45

to cause negative feedback of GnRH, as well as stimulate tissue growth in the fetus and mother