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anatomy 1 > ch 5 & 6 histology and integumentary systems > Flashcards

ch 5 & 6 histology and integumentary systems Flashcards

1
Q

tissues types

A

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
nervous tissue
muscular tissue

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2
Q

epithelial tissue

epithelial cells are very close

A

together

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3
Q

epithelial tissue

have a high rate of

A

mitosis

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4
Q

epithelial tissue

basement membrane

A

layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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5
Q

epithelial tissue: basement membrane

what is in the basement membrane

A
  • collagen
  • reticular proteins
  • glycoproteins
  • other protein-carbohydrate complexes
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6
Q

epithelial tissue: basement membrane

anchors the epithelium to the

A

connective tissue below it

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7
Q

epithelial tissue

basal surface

A

surface of the epithelial cell facing the basement membrane

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8
Q

epithelial tissue

apical surface

A

surface of epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane

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9
Q

epithelial tissue

simple epithlia

A
  • contain 1 layer of cells
  • named by shape of cells
  • all cells touch basement membrane
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10
Q

epithelial tissue

stratified epithelia

A
  • contain more than 1 layer
    • named by shape of apical cells
    • some cells rest on top of others and DO NOT touch basement membrane
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11
Q

simple epithelia

4 types on epithlia with only 1 layer of cells

A
  • simple squamous (thin, scaly cells)
  • simple cuboidal (square or round cells)
  • simple columunar (tall narrow cells)
  • pseduostratified columnar
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12
Q

simple epithelia

pseduostratified columnar

A
  • falsely appears stratified as some cells taller than others
  • every cell reaches the basement membrane ( but not all cells reach the free surface)
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13
Q

simple epithelia

goblet cells

A

wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia

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14
Q

simple squamous epithlium

A
  • single row of thin cells
  • permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances
  • secretes serous fluid
  • locations: alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, serosa
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15
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • single layer of square or round cells
  • absorption and secretion, mucus production, movement
  • locations: liver, thyroid, mammary, and salivary glands, bronchioles, kidney tubules
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16
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A
  • single row of tall narrow cells
  • oval nuclei in basal half of cell
  • brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells
  • absorption and secretion: secretion of mucus
  • locations: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, uterine tubules
    *
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17
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelium

A
  • Looks multilayered, but all cells touch basement membrane
  • Nuclei at several layers
  • Has cilia and goblet cells
  • Secretes and propels mucus
  • Locations: respiratory tract and portions of male urethra
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18
Q

stratified epithlia

range from 2 to 20 or more

A

layers of cells

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19
Q

stratified epithlia

some cells rest

A

directly on others
* only the deepest layer attaches to basement membrane

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20
Q

stratified epithlia

3 stratified epithlia are named for the shapes of their apical surface cells

A
  • stratified squamous
  • stratified cuboidal
  • stratified columnar (rare)

fouth type: transitional epithelium

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21
Q

stratified epithlia

stratified squamous is most widespread

A

epithelium in the body

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22
Q

stratified epithlia

deepest layers undergo continuous

A

mitosis
* daughter cells push toward the surface and become flatter as they migrate upward
* finally die and flake off—exfoliation or desquamation

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23
Q

stratified epithlia

2 kinds of stratified squamous epithlia

A

keratinized–found on skin surface abrasion resistant
nonkeratinized–lacks surface layer of dead cells

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24
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • 2 or more cell layers; surface cells square or round
  • secretes sweat; produces sperm, produces ovarian hormones
  • locations: sweat gland ducts; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules
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25
Q

transitional epithelium

A
  • multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched
  • allows for fillinf of urinary tract
  • locations: ureter and bladder
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26
Q

connective tissue

connective tissue

A

a diverse, abdundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix
* most cells are NOT in direct contact with each other

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27
Q

connective tissue

supports, connects, protects

A

organs

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28
Q

connective tissue

highly variable vascularity

A
  • loose connective tissues have many blood vessels
  • cartilage has few or no blood vessels
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29
Q

connective tissue

functions

A
  • connecting organs–tendons, ligaments
  • support–bones, cartilage
  • physical protection–cranium, ribs, sternum
  • immune protection–WBC attack forerign invaders
  • movement–bones provide lever system
  • storage–fat, calcium, phosphorus
  • heat production–metabolosim of brown fat in infants
  • transport–blood
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30
Q

fibrous connective tissue

cells of fibrous connective tissue

A
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • leukocytes
  • plasma cells
  • mast cells
  • adipocytes
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31
Q

cells of fibrous connective tissue

fibroblasts

A

produce fibers and ground substance of matrix

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32
Q

fibrous connective tissue

macrophages

A

phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigens)
* arise from monocytes

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33
Q

fibrous connective tissue

leukocytes or WBC

A
  • neutrophils attack bacteria
  • lymphocytes react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents
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34
Q

fibrous connective tissue

plasma cells

A

synthesize antibodies (proteins)
* arise from lymphocytes

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35
Q

fibrous connective tissue

mast cells

A

often found alongside blood vessels
* secrete heparin to inhibit clotting
* secrete histamin to dilate blood vessels

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36
Q

fibrous connective tissue

adipocytes

A

store triglycerides (fat molecules)

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37
Q

adipose tissue

adipose tissue (fat)

A

tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type

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38
Q

adipose tissue

space between adipocytes is occupied by

A

areolar tissue
reticular tissue
blood capillaries

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39
Q

adipose tissue

fat is the body’s primary energy

A

reservoir
* the quantity of stored triglyceride and the number of adipocytes are quite stable in a person adipocytes are quite stable in a person
* fat is recycled continously
new triglyceride synthesized while old molecules hydrolyzed and released to blood

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40
Q

adipose tissue

two types of fat

A

white and brown

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41
Q

adipose tissue

white fat is main type

A
  • only fat in adults
  • specimens resemble chicken wire
  • provides thermal insulation
  • cushions organs such as eyeballs, kidneys
  • contributes to body contours–female breasts and hips
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42
Q

adipose tissue

brown fat

A
  • in fetuses, infants, children
  • color comes from blood vessels and mitochondrial enzymes
  • functions as a heat-generating tissue
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43
Q

cartilage

stiff connective tissue with

A

flexible matrix

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44
Q

cartilage

gives shape to

A

ear
tip of nose
larynx

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45
Q

cartilage

chondroblasts

A

cartilage cells that produce the matrix that will trap them

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46
Q

cartilage

chondrocytes

A

cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae (cavities)

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47
Q

cartilage

perichondrium

A

sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular cartilage)

  • contains a reserve population of chondroblasts that contribute to cartilage growth throughout life
48
Q

cartilage

no blood vessels

A
  • diffusions brings nutrients and removes wastes
  • heals slowly
49
Q

cartilage

matrix rich in

A

GAGS and contains collagen fibers

50
Q

cartilage

types of cartilage vary with fiber composition

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • firbocartilage
  • elastic cartilage
51
Q

bone

bone (osserous) tissue is a

A

calcified connective tissue
* bones of the skeleton are organs made of bone tissue
cartilage
marrow
other tissue types

52
Q

bone

2 forms of osseous tissue

A

spongy bone
compact bone

53
Q

bone

spongy bone

A

porous appearance
* delicate struts of bone: trabeculae
* covered by compact bone
* found in heads of long bones and middle of flat bones such as sternum

54
Q

bone

compact bone

A

denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces
* more complex arrangement
* cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones

55
Q

compact bone

is arranged in

A

cylinders that surround central (haversian or osteonic) canals that run longitudinally through shafts of long bones

blood vessels and nerves travel through central canal

56
Q

compact bone

bone matrix deposited in concentric

A

lamellae
* onion like layers around each central canal

57
Q

bone

osteon

A

central canal and its surrounding lamellae

58
Q

bone

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells within lacunae

59
Q

bone

canaliculi

A

delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighboes allowing osteocytes to contach each other

60
Q

bone

periosteum

A

tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone

61
Q

blood

is what kind of tissue

A

fluid connective tissue

62
Q

blood

what blood transport

A

cells and dissolved matter from place to place

63
Q

blood

plasma

A

ground substance

64
Q

blood

formed elements

A

cells and cell fragments

65
Q

blood: formed elements

erythrocytes

A

RBC
transports

66
Q

blood: formed elements

leukocytes

A

WBC
defend against infection and disease
* neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

67
Q

blood: formed elements

platelets

A

cell fragments involved in clotting

68
Q

Nervous and Muscular Tissues—Excitable

Tissues

excitability

A

ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential
* developed to highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues

69
Q

Nervous and Muscular Tissues—Excitable

Tissues

membrane potential

A

electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the cell membrane

70
Q

Nervous and Muscular Tissues—Excitable

Tissues

nerve cells

A

changes in voltage result in rapid transmission of signals to other cells

71
Q

Nervous and Muscular Tissues—Excitable

Tissues

muscle cells

A

changes in voltage results in contraction shortening of the cell

72
Q

nervous tissue

nervous tissue

A

specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals

73
Q

nervous tissue

consists of neurons (nerve cells)

A
  • detect stimuli
  • respond quickly
  • transmit coded info rapidly to other cells
74
Q

nervous tissue

neuroglia (glial)

A
  • protect and assist neurons
  • “housekeepers” of nervous tissue
  • more numerous than neurons
75
Q

nervous tissue

neuron parts

A
  • neurosome (cell body)
  • dendrites
  • axon (nerve fiber)
76
Q

nervous tissue: neuron parts

neurosoma

cell body

A
  • houses nucleus and other organelles
  • controls protein synthesis
77
Q

nervous tissue: neuron parts

dendrites

A
  • multiple short, branches processes
  • receive signals from other cells
  • transmit messages to neurosoma
78
Q

nervous tissue: neuron parts

axon

nerve fiber

A
  • sends outgoing signals to other cells
  • can be more than 1 meter long
79
Q

muscular tissue

muscular tissue

A

elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation

80
Q

muscular tissue

primary job

A

to exert physical force on other tissues and organs

81
Q

muscular tissue

creates movements involved in

A

body and limb movement
* digestion
* waste elimination
* breathing
* speech
* blood circulation

82
Q

muscular tissue

important source of

A

body heat

83
Q

muscular tissue

3 types of muscle

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
84
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

skeletal muscle

A
  • made of muscle fibers–long thin cells
  • most skeletal muscles attach to bone
  • contains multiple nuclei adjacent to plasma membrane
  • striations–alternating dark and light bands
  • voluntary–conscious control over skeletal muscles
85
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

cardiac muscle

A
  • limited to the heart
  • cardiomyocytes are branches, shorted than skeletal muscle fibers
  • contain one centrally located nucleus
  • intercalated discs join cardiomyocytes end to end–provide electrical and mechanical connection
  • striated and involuntary (not under conscious control)
86
Q

smooth muscle tissue

smooth tissue

A
  • made of fusiform myocytes lacking striations–cells are relatively short and have one central nucleus
  • involuntary function
  • most is visceral muscle–making up parts of wall of hollow organs
87
Q

cell junctions

cell junctions

A

connections between 2 cells

88
Q

cell junctions

most cells are anchored to

A

each other or their matrix

89
Q

cell junctions

cells communicate with

A

each other
resist mechanical stress
control what moves through the gaps between them

90
Q

tight junctions and desmosomes

tight junction

A

linkage between 2 adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins

91
Q

tight junctions and desmosomes

tight junctions in epithelia they form a

A
  • a zone that completely encircles each cell near its apical pole
  • seals off intercellular space making it difficult for substance to pass between cells
92
Q

tight junctions and desmosomes

desmosomes

A

patch that holds cells together (like a clothing snap)

93
Q

tight junctions and desmosomes

keeps cells from

A

pulling apart–resist mechanical stress

94
Q

tight junctions and desmosomes

hook-like, J-shaped proteins arise from

A

cytoskeleton
* anchor cytoskeleton to membraen plaque
* transmembrane proteins from each cell joined by cell adhesion proteins

95
Q

tight junctions and desmosomes

hemidesmosomes

A

half desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane
* epithelium cannot easily peel away from underlying tissues

96
Q

gap (communicating) junction

formed by ring-like connexons

A
  • connexon consists of 6 transmembrane proteins arranged like segments of an orange around water-filled pore
  • ions, nutrients, and other small solutes pass between cells
  • located in cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue, lens, cornea
97
Q

glands

gland

A

cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body

98
Q

Glands

Usually composed of

A
  • epithelial tissue in a connective tissue
    framework and capsule
  • Secretion—product useful to the body
  • Excretion—waste product
99
Q

Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

Exocrine glands

A
  • maintain their contact with surface
    of epithelium by way of a duct
  • Surfaces can be external (examples: sweat, tear glands) or
    internal (examples: pancreas, salivary glands
100
Q

Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

Endocrine glands

A
  • have no ducts; secrete hormones
    directly into blood
  • Hormones: chemical messengers that stimulate cells
    elsewhere in the body
  • Examples: thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands
101
Q

Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

Some organs have both endocrine and exocrine
functions

A

Examples: liver, gonads, pancreas

102
Q

Tissue Growth

Tissue Growth

A

increasing the number of cells or size
of existing cells

103
Q

Tissue Growth

Hyperplasia

A

growth through cell multiplication

104
Q

Tissue Growth

Hypertrophy

A
  • enlargement of preexisting cells
  • Muscle growth through exercise
  • Accumulation of body fat
105
Q

Tissue Growth

Neoplasia

A
  • development of a tumor (neoplasm)
  • Benign or malignant
  • Composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue
106
Q

Tissue Development

Tissues can change types

A

within certain limits

107
Q

Tissue Development

Differentiation

A
  • development of more specialized form
    and function by unspecialized tissue
  • Example: embryonic mesenchyme becoming cartilage and bone
108
Q

Tissue Development

Metaplasia

A
  • Changing from one type of mature tissue to another
  • Simple cuboidal tissue of vagina before puberty changes to
    stratified squamous after puberty
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium of bronchi of smokers to
    stratified squamous epithelium
109
Q

Stem Cells 1

Stem cells

A
  • undifferentiated cells that are not yet
    performing any specialized function
  • Have potential to differentiate into one or more types of
    mature functional cells
110
Q

Stem Cells 1

Developmental plasticity

A

ability of a stem cell to
give rise to a diversity of mature cell types

111
Q

Stem Cells 2

2 types of Embryonic stem cells

A

Totipotent
Pluripotent

112
Q

Stem Cells 2

Totipotent

A
  • have potential to develop into any type of fully
    differentiated human cell including accessory organs of pregnancy
  • Source—cells of very early embryo
113
Q

Stem Cells 2

Pluripotent

A
  • can develop into any type of cell in the embryo (but
    not accessory organs of pregnancy)
  • Source—cells of inner cell mass of embryo (blastocyst)
114
Q

Stem Cells 2

Adult stem cells

A
  • undifferentiated cells found in mature
    organs
  • Some are multipotent—able to develop into two or more cell lines
    (example: bone marrow stem cells)
  • Some are unipotent—produce only one cell type (example: cells
    giving rise to sperm)
115
Q

the stem-cell controversy

recent U.S. presidents have disagreed on the

A

morality of stem cell use

116
Q

the stem-cell controversy

biologists see many possibilities for the use of

A

embryonic stem cells in treating disease

117
Q

the stem-cell controversy: treating disease

possibilities include treatments for

A
  • parkinsonism
  • brain cell loss
  • diabetes
  • heart damage
  • spinal cord injury
  • most embryonic stem cells are donated by couples using in vitro fertilization
  • adult stem cells seem limited as they are hard to harvest and culture and have narrower developmental potential

anatomy 1 (14 decks)

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