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anatomy 1 > ch 5 & 6 histology and integumentary systems > Flashcards

ch 5 & 6 histology and integumentary systems Flashcards

1
Q

tissues types

A

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
nervous tissue
muscular tissue

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2
Q

epithelial tissue

epithelial cells are very close

A

together

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3
Q

epithelial tissue

have a high rate of

A

mitosis

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4
Q

epithelial tissue

basement membrane

A

layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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5
Q

epithelial tissue: basement membrane

what is in the basement membrane

A
  • collagen
  • reticular proteins
  • glycoproteins
  • other protein-carbohydrate complexes
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6
Q

epithelial tissue: basement membrane

anchors the epithelium to the

A

connective tissue below it

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7
Q

epithelial tissue

basal surface

A

surface of the epithelial cell facing the basement membrane

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8
Q

epithelial tissue

apical surface

A

surface of epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane

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9
Q

epithelial tissue

simple epithlia

A
  • contain 1 layer of cells
  • named by shape of cells
  • all cells touch basement membrane
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10
Q

epithelial tissue

stratified epithelia

A
  • contain more than 1 layer
    • named by shape of apical cells
    • some cells rest on top of others and DO NOT touch basement membrane
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11
Q

simple epithelia

4 types on epithlia with only 1 layer of cells

A
  • simple squamous (thin, scaly cells)
  • simple cuboidal (square or round cells)
  • simple columunar (tall narrow cells)
  • pseduostratified columnar
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12
Q

simple epithelia

pseduostratified columnar

A
  • falsely appears stratified as some cells taller than others
  • every cell reaches the basement membrane ( but not all cells reach the free surface)
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13
Q

simple epithelia

goblet cells

A

wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia

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14
Q

simple squamous epithlium

A
  • single row of thin cells
  • permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances
  • secretes serous fluid
  • locations: alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, serosa
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15
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • single layer of square or round cells
  • absorption and secretion, mucus production, movement
  • locations: liver, thyroid, mammary, and salivary glands, bronchioles, kidney tubules
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16
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A
  • single row of tall narrow cells
  • oval nuclei in basal half of cell
  • brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells
  • absorption and secretion: secretion of mucus
  • locations: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, uterine tubules
    *
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17
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelium

A
  • Looks multilayered, but all cells touch basement membrane
  • Nuclei at several layers
  • Has cilia and goblet cells
  • Secretes and propels mucus
  • Locations: respiratory tract and portions of male urethra
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18
Q

stratified epithlia

range from 2 to 20 or more

A

layers of cells

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19
Q

stratified epithlia

some cells rest

A

directly on others
* only the deepest layer attaches to basement membrane

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20
Q

stratified epithlia

3 stratified epithlia are named for the shapes of their apical surface cells

A
  • stratified squamous
  • stratified cuboidal
  • stratified columnar (rare)

fouth type: transitional epithelium

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21
Q

stratified epithlia

stratified squamous is most widespread

A

epithelium in the body

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22
Q

stratified epithlia

deepest layers undergo continuous

A

mitosis
* daughter cells push toward the surface and become flatter as they migrate upward
* finally die and flake off—exfoliation or desquamation

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23
Q

stratified epithlia

2 kinds of stratified squamous epithlia

A

keratinized–found on skin surface abrasion resistant
nonkeratinized–lacks surface layer of dead cells

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24
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • 2 or more cell layers; surface cells square or round
  • secretes sweat; produces sperm, produces ovarian hormones
  • locations: sweat gland ducts; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules
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25
transitional epithelium
* multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched * allows for fillinf of urinary tract * locations: ureter and bladder
26
# connective tissue connective tissue
a diverse, abdundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix * most cells are NOT in direct contact with each other
27
# connective tissue supports, connects, protects
organs
28
# connective tissue highly variable vascularity
* loose connective tissues have many blood vessels * cartilage has few or no blood vessels
29
# connective tissue functions
* connecting organs--tendons, ligaments * support--bones, cartilage * physical protection--cranium, ribs, sternum * immune protection--WBC attack forerign invaders * movement--bones provide lever system * storage--fat, calcium, phosphorus * heat production--metabolosim of brown fat in infants * transport--blood
30
# fibrous connective tissue cells of fibrous connective tissue
* fibroblasts * macrophages * leukocytes * plasma cells * mast cells * adipocytes
31
# cells of fibrous connective tissue fibroblasts
produce fibers and ground substance of matrix
32
# fibrous connective tissue macrophages
phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigens) * arise from monocytes
33
# fibrous connective tissue leukocytes or WBC
* neutrophils attack bacteria * lymphocytes react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents
34
# fibrous connective tissue plasma cells
synthesize antibodies (proteins) * arise from lymphocytes
35
# fibrous connective tissue mast cells
often found alongside blood vessels * secrete heparin to inhibit clotting * secrete histamin to dilate blood vessels
36
# fibrous connective tissue adipocytes
store triglycerides (fat molecules)
37
# adipose tissue adipose tissue (fat)
tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type
38
# adipose tissue space between adipocytes is occupied by
areolar tissue reticular tissue blood capillaries
39
# adipose tissue fat is the body's primary energy
reservoir * the quantity of stored triglyceride and the number of adipocytes are quite stable in a person adipocytes are quite stable in a person * fat is recycled continously new triglyceride synthesized while old molecules hydrolyzed and released to blood
40
# adipose tissue two types of fat
white and brown
41
# adipose tissue white fat is main type
* only fat in adults * specimens resemble chicken wire * provides thermal insulation * cushions organs such as eyeballs, kidneys * contributes to body contours--female breasts and hips
42
# adipose tissue brown fat
* in fetuses, infants, children * color comes from blood vessels and mitochondrial enzymes * functions as a heat-generating tissue
43
# cartilage stiff connective tissue with
flexible matrix
44
# cartilage gives shape to
ear tip of nose larynx
45
# cartilage chondroblasts
cartilage cells that produce the matrix that will trap them
46
# cartilage chondrocytes
cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae (cavities)
47
# cartilage perichondrium
sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular cartilage) * contains a reserve population of chondroblasts that contribute to cartilage growth throughout life
48
# cartilage no blood vessels
* diffusions brings nutrients and removes wastes * heals slowly
49
# cartilage matrix rich in
GAGS and contains collagen fibers
50
# cartilage types of cartilage vary with fiber composition
* hyaline cartilage * firbocartilage * elastic cartilage
51
# bone bone (osserous) tissue is a
calcified connective tissue * bones of the skeleton are organs made of bone tissue cartilage marrow other tissue types
52
# bone 2 forms of osseous tissue
spongy bone compact bone
53
# bone spongy bone
porous appearance * delicate struts of bone: trabeculae * covered by compact bone * found in heads of long bones and middle of flat bones such as sternum
54
# bone compact bone
denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces * more complex arrangement * cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones
55
# compact bone is arranged in
cylinders that surround central (haversian or osteonic) canals that run longitudinally through shafts of long bones ## Footnote blood vessels and nerves travel through central canal
56
# compact bone bone matrix deposited in concentric
lamellae * onion like layers around each central canal
57
# bone osteon
central canal and its surrounding lamellae
58
# bone osteocytes
mature bone cells within lacunae
59
# bone canaliculi
delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighboes allowing osteocytes to contach each other
60
# bone periosteum
tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone
61
# blood is what kind of tissue
fluid connective tissue
62
# blood what blood transport
cells and dissolved matter from place to place
63
# blood plasma
ground substance
64
# blood formed elements
cells and cell fragments
65
# blood: formed elements erythrocytes
RBC transports
66
# blood: formed elements leukocytes
WBC defend against infection and disease * neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
67
# blood: formed elements platelets
cell fragments involved in clotting
68
# Nervous and Muscular Tissues—Excitable Tissues excitability
ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential * developed to highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues
69
# Nervous and Muscular Tissues—Excitable Tissues membrane potential
electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the cell membrane
70
# Nervous and Muscular Tissues—Excitable Tissues nerve cells
changes in voltage result in rapid transmission of signals to other cells
71
# Nervous and Muscular Tissues—Excitable Tissues muscle cells
changes in voltage results in contraction shortening of the cell
72
# nervous tissue nervous tissue
specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals
73
# nervous tissue consists of neurons (nerve cells)
* detect stimuli * respond quickly * transmit coded info rapidly to other cells
74
# nervous tissue neuroglia (glial)
* protect and assist neurons * "housekeepers" of nervous tissue * more numerous than neurons
75
# nervous tissue neuron parts
* neurosome (cell body) * dendrites * axon (nerve fiber)
76
# nervous tissue: neuron parts neurosoma | cell body
* houses nucleus and other organelles * controls protein synthesis
77
# nervous tissue: neuron parts dendrites
* multiple short, branches processes * receive signals from other cells * transmit messages to neurosoma
78
# nervous tissue: neuron parts axon | nerve fiber
* sends outgoing signals to other cells * can be more than 1 meter long
79
# muscular tissue muscular tissue
elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation
80
# muscular tissue primary job
to exert physical force on other tissues and organs
81
# muscular tissue creates movements involved in
body and limb movement * digestion * waste elimination * breathing * speech * blood circulation
82
# muscular tissue important source of
body heat
83
# muscular tissue 3 types of muscle
* skeletal * cardiac * smooth
84
# skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle
* made of muscle fibers--long thin cells * most skeletal muscles attach to bone * contains multiple nuclei adjacent to plasma membrane * striations--alternating dark and light bands * voluntary--conscious control over skeletal muscles
85
# cardiac muscle tissue cardiac muscle
* limited to the heart * cardiomyocytes are branches, shorted than skeletal muscle fibers * contain one centrally located nucleus * intercalated discs join cardiomyocytes end to end--provide electrical and mechanical connection * striated and involuntary (not under conscious control)
86
# smooth muscle tissue smooth tissue
* made of fusiform myocytes lacking striations--cells are relatively short and have one central nucleus * involuntary function * most is visceral muscle--making up parts of wall of hollow organs
87
# cell junctions cell junctions
connections between 2 cells
88
# cell junctions most cells are anchored to
each other or their matrix
89
# cell junctions cells communicate with
each other resist mechanical stress control what moves through the gaps between them
90
# tight junctions and desmosomes tight junction
linkage between 2 adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins
91
# tight junctions and desmosomes tight junctions in epithelia they form a
* a zone that completely encircles each cell near its apical pole * seals off intercellular space making it difficult for substance to pass between cells
92
# tight junctions and desmosomes desmosomes
patch that holds cells together (like a clothing snap)
93
# tight junctions and desmosomes keeps cells from
pulling apart--resist mechanical stress
94
# tight junctions and desmosomes hook-like, J-shaped proteins arise from
cytoskeleton * anchor cytoskeleton to membraen plaque * transmembrane proteins from each cell joined by cell adhesion proteins
95
# tight junctions and desmosomes hemidesmosomes
half desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane * epithelium cannot easily peel away from underlying tissues
96
# gap (communicating) junction formed by ring-like connexons
* connexon consists of 6 transmembrane proteins arranged like segments of an orange around water-filled pore * ions, nutrients, and other small solutes pass between cells * located in cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue, lens, cornea
97
# glands gland
cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body
98
# Glands Usually composed of
* epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework and capsule * Secretion—product useful to the body * Excretion—waste product
99
# Endocrine and Exocrine Glands Exocrine glands
* maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct * Surfaces can be external (examples: sweat, tear glands) or internal (examples: pancreas, salivary glands
100
# Endocrine and Exocrine Glands Endocrine glands
* have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into blood * Hormones: chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body * Examples: thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands
101
# Endocrine and Exocrine Glands Some organs have both endocrine and exocrine functions
Examples: liver, gonads, pancreas
102
# Tissue Growth Tissue Growth
increasing the number of cells or size of existing cells
103
# Tissue Growth Hyperplasia
growth through cell multiplication
104
# Tissue Growth Hypertrophy
* enlargement of preexisting cells * Muscle growth through exercise * Accumulation of body fat
105
# Tissue Growth Neoplasia
* development of a tumor (neoplasm) * Benign or malignant * Composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue
106
# Tissue Development Tissues can change types
within certain limits
107
# Tissue Development Differentiation
* development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue * Example: embryonic mesenchyme becoming cartilage and bone
108
# Tissue Development Metaplasia
* Changing from one type of mature tissue to another * Simple cuboidal tissue of vagina before puberty changes to stratified squamous after puberty * Pseudostratified columnar epithelium of bronchi of smokers to stratified squamous epithelium
109
# Stem Cells 1 Stem cells
* undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function * Have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells
110
# Stem Cells 1 Developmental plasticity
ability of a stem cell to give rise to a diversity of mature cell types
111
# Stem Cells 2 2 types of Embryonic stem cells
Totipotent Pluripotent
112
# Stem Cells 2 Totipotent
* have potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell including accessory organs of pregnancy * Source—cells of very early embryo
113
# Stem Cells 2 Pluripotent
* can develop into any type of cell in the embryo (but not accessory organs of pregnancy) * Source—cells of inner cell mass of embryo (blastocyst)
114
# Stem Cells 2 Adult stem cells
* undifferentiated cells found in mature organs * Some are multipotent—able to develop into two or more cell lines (example: bone marrow stem cells) * Some are unipotent—produce only one cell type (example: cells giving rise to sperm)
115
# the stem-cell controversy recent U.S. presidents have disagreed on the
morality of stem cell use
116
# the stem-cell controversy biologists see many possibilities for the use of
embryonic stem cells in treating disease
117
# the stem-cell controversy: treating disease possibilities include treatments for
* parkinsonism * brain cell loss * diabetes * heart damage * spinal cord injury * most embryonic stem cells are donated by couples using in vitro fertilization * adult stem cells seem limited as they are hard to harvest and culture and have narrower developmental potential

anatomy 1 (14 decks)

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