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anatomy 1 > ch. 2 chem of life > Flashcards

ch. 2 chem of life Flashcards

1
Q

chemical elements

element

A

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

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2
Q

chemical elements

atomic number

A

number of protons in its nucleus

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3
Q

chemical elements

periodic table

A

elements arranged by atomic number

24 elements have biological rule

6 elements=98.5% of body weight (oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus)

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4
Q

chemical elements

minerals

A

inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up food chain to humans

Ca, P, Cl, Mg, K, Na, S

about 4% body weight

important for enzymes

electolytes: mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function

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5
Q

atomic structure

nucleus

A

center of atom

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6
Q

atomic structure

proton

A

single + charge

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7
Q

atomic structure

neutron

A

no charge

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8
Q

atomic structure

atomic mass

A

equal to total number of protons and neutrons

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9
Q

atomic structure

electron

A

in concentric clouds surrounding nucleus

single - charge

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10
Q

atomic structure

an atom is electronically neutral as number of electrons equals number of

A

protons

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11
Q

atomic structure

valence electrons orbit in the

A

outermost shell and determine chemical bonding properties of an atom

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12
Q

isotopes and radioactivity

isotopes

A

varities of an element that differ only in the number of neutrons

extra neutrons increase atomic weight

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13
Q

isotopes and radioactivity

istoper of an element are chemically similar because they

A

have the same number of valence electrons

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14
Q

ions, electrolytes, free radicals

ion

A

charged particle with UNEQUAL number of protons and electron

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15
Q

ions, electrolytes, free radicals

ionization

A

transfer of electrons from one atom to another

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16
Q

ions, electrolytes, free radicals

anion

A

particle that GAINS electron

net negative

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17
Q

ions, electrolytes, free radicals

cation

A

particle that LOSES electron

net positive charge

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18
Q

ions, electrolytes, free radicals

ions with opposite charges are

A

attracted to each other

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19
Q

ions, electrolytes, free radicals

electrolytes

A

substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current

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20
Q

ions, electrolytes, free radicals

Electrolyte importance

A

-Chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical excitability
of nerve and muscle
– Electrolyte balance is one of the most important
considerations in patient care (imbalances can lead to
coma or cardiac arrest)

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21
Q

ions, electrolytes, free radicals

Free radicals

A
  • short-lived particles with an unusual
    number of electrons
    – Produced by normal metabolic reactions, radiation, certain
    chemicals
    – Trigger reactions that destroy molecules, and can cause
    cancer, death of heart tissue, and aging
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22
Q

Ions, Electrolytes, and Free Radicals

Antioxidants

A

– Chemicals that neutralize free radicals
– Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme in
the body
– Selenium, vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids are
antioxidants obtained through the diet

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23
Q

Molecules and Chemical Bonds

Molecule

A

chemical particle composed of two or more atoms
united by a chemical bond

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24
Q

Molecules and Chemical Bonds

Compound

A

molecule composed of two or more different
elements

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25
Q

Molecules and Chemical Bonds

Molecular formula

A

identifies constituent elements and how many
atoms of each are present

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26
Q

Molecules and Chemical Bonds

Structural formula

A

identifies location of each atom

27
Q

Molecules and Chemical Bonds

Isomers

A
  • molecules with identical molecular formulae but
    different arrangement of their atoms
28
Q

Molecules and Chemical Bonds

molecular weight (MW

A

of a compound is the
sum of the atomic weights of its atoms

29
Q

Molecules and Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonds

A

hold atoms together within a
molecule or attract one molecule to another

Most important types of chemical bonds: ionic
bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der
Walls forces

30
Q

Molecules and Chemical Bonds

Ionic bonds

A
  • Attractions between anions and cations (example, NaCl)
  • Electrons donated from one atom to another
  • Easily broken by water
31
Q

Molecules and Chemical Bonds

Nonpolar bond

A

electrons shared equally
(strongest bond

32
Q

Molecules and Chemical Bonds

Polar bond:

A

electrons shared unequally (spend
more time near oxygen)

33
Q

Molecules and Chemical Bonds

Hydrogen bond

A

a weak attraction between a
slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and
a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in
another
– Water molecules are attracted to each other by hydrogen
bonds
– Large molecules (DNA and proteins) shaped by hydrogen
bonds within them
– Important to physiology

34
Q

Molecules and Chemical Bonds

Van der Waals forces

A

weak, brief attractions
between neutral atoms
– Fluctuation in electron density within an atom creates
polarity for a moment, and attracts adjacent atom for
a very short time
– Only 1% as strong as a covalent bond, but important
in physiology (example, protein folding)

35
Q

Acids, Bases, and pH

acid

A

proton donor
releases ions in water

36
Q

acids bases and pH

base

A

proton donor
accepts ions

37
Q

acids bases pH

pH

A

measure derived from the molarity of

ph 7.0 neutral pH
less than 7 is acidic
more than 7 is basic

38
Q

acids bases pH

pH is a measurement of molarity on a

A

logarithmic scale

a change of one number on the pH scale represents a 10-fold change in concentration

ph 4.0 is 10x more acidic than ph 5.0

39
Q

acids bases pH

buffers

A

chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

maintaining normal ph of blood is crucial for physiological functions

40
Q

metabolism oxidation reduction

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions of the body

41
Q

metabolism oxidation reduction

catabolism

A

energy-releasing decomposition reactions

breaks covalent bonds

produces smaller molecules

42
Q

metabolism oxidation reduction

anabolism

A

energy-storing synthesis reactions

requires energy input

production of protein or fat

43
Q

metabolism oxidation reduction

catabolism and anabolism are

A

inseparably linked

anabolism is driven by energy released by catabolism

44
Q

metabolism oxidation reduction

Oxidation

A

– A chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons
and releases energy
– Molecule oxidized in this process
– Electron acceptor molecule is the oxidizing agent
* Oxygen is often involved as the electron acceptor

45
Q

metabolism oxidation reduction

Reduction

A

– Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons
and energy
– Molecule is reduced when it accepts electrons
– Molecule that donates electrons is the reducing agent

46
Q

Metabolism, Oxidation, and Reduction

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions

A

– Oxidation of one molecule is always accompanied by
reduction of another
– Electrons are often transferred as hydrogen atoms

47
Q

carbon compunds and functional groups

carbon has 4 valence

A

electrons

binds with other atoms that can provide it with 4 more electrons to fill its valence shell

48
Q

carbon compunds and functional groups

carbon atoms bind readily with

A

each other to form carbon backbones

form long chains branched molecules and rings

form covalent bonds with H, O, N, S

carbon backbones carry a variety of functional groups

49
Q

carbohydrates

hydrophilic organic molecule

A

ex sugars and starches
“saccar-“ and “-ose” both meaning sugar and sweet

50
Q

carbohydrates

3 important monosaccarides

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

all isomers of each other
produced by digestion of complex carbs

51
Q

carbohydrates

3 important disaccharides

A

sucrose-table sugar
lactose-sugar in milk
maltose-grain products

52
Q

carbohydrates

3 important ex of polysaccharides

A

glycogen- energy storage in cells of liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina

starch- energy storage in plants that are DIGESTABLE

cellulose- energy storage in plants that is important for human dietary fiber (INDIGESTABLE)

53
Q

Carbs are a quickly mobilized source of energy

A

All digested carbs converted to glucose

Oxidized to make ATP

54
Q

Conjugated carb

A

Covalently bound to lipid or protein

Ex glycolipids
Glycoproteins
Proteoglycans

55
Q

Glycolipids

A

External surface of cell membrane

56
Q

Glycoproteins

A

External surface of cell membrane

Mucus of respiratory and digestive tracts

57
Q

Proteoglycans

A

More carb than protein

Gels that hold cells and tissues together

Gelatinous filler in umbilical cord and eye

Joint lubrication and cartilage texture

58
Q

Lipids are

A

Hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

Have more calories per gram than carbs

59
Q

5 primary lipids

A

Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids
Steroids

60
Q

Fatty acids

A

Chains of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other
–Saturated fatty acids have a lot of hydrogen
–Unsaturated fatty acids contain some double bonds between carbons in chain (potential to add hydrogen)
•Polyunsaturated fatty acids have multiple double bonds between carbons in chain
–Essential fatty acids must be obtained from food

61
Q

Triglycerides

A

Three fatty acids linked to glycerol
–Each bond formed by dehydration synthesis
–Broken down by hydrolysis

62
Q

Triglycerides at room temperature

A

–When liquid, called oils
•Often polyunsaturated fats from plants
–When solid, called fat
•Saturated fats from animals

63
Q

Triglycerides primary function

A

energy storage
–Also help with insulation and shock absorption (adipose tissue)

anatomy 1 (14 decks)

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