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anatomy 1 > ch 11 hw answers > Flashcards

ch 11 hw answers Flashcards

1
Q

ex of the characteristics of muscle

excitability

A

placing a muscle in a solution containing calcium and ATP

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2
Q

ex of the characteristics of muscle

conductivity

A
  • action potentials in the center of the fiber radiating to the ends
  • depolorization of a single muscle fiber causing depoloarization of adjacent muscle fibers
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3
Q

ex of the characteristics of muscle

contractility

A
  • creation of force
  • pulling two bones closer together
  • actively resisting the seperation of two bones
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4
Q

ex of the characteristics of muscle

elasticity

A
  • a stretched muscle returning to its orginal length
  • passively resisting the seperation of 2 bones
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5
Q

ex of the characteristics of muscle

extensibility

A
  • stretching a muscle
  • incresing sarcomere length
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6
Q

ranking muscles by strength

strongest to weakest

A
  1. quadriceps femoris
  2. gastrocnemius
  3. brachialis
  4. orbicularis oculi
  5. lateral rectus
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7
Q

classifying the components of thick and thin myofilaments

thick filaments

A
  • myosin heads
  • myosin
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8
Q

classifying the components of thick and thin myofilaments

thin filaments

A
  • tropomyosin
  • troponin
  • active sites
  • actin
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9
Q

classifying the components of thick and thin myofilaments

neither thick nor thin filaments

A
  • elastic filament
  • dystrophin
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10
Q

classifying the components of the neuromuscular junction by location

motor end plate

A
  • acetylcholine receptors
  • acetylcholinesterase
  • postsynaptic membrane folds
  • sarcolemma
  • sarcoplasm
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11
Q

classifying the components of the neuromuscular junction by location

axon terminal

A
  • synaptic vesicles filled with acetylcholine
  • myelin
  • voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
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12
Q

place the events of excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber in order

A
  1. calcium ions enter the axon terminal through voltage-gated channels
  2. ACh is released into the synaptic cleft
  3. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the sarcolemma
  4. Na+ ions enter and K+ ions leave the cell creating an end-plate potential
  5. an action potential is generated in the adjacent sarcolemma
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13
Q

applying disruptive scenarios to their effects on muscle contraction

no contraction

A
  • active transport of CA2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • a mutation to troponin that prevents it from binding Ca2+
  • a mutation to tropomyosin that prevents it from binding tropnin
  • an inhibior of voltage-gated Na+ channels
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14
Q

applying disruptive scenarios to their effects on muscle contraction

contraction

A
  • release of acetylcholine
  • a mutation to tropomyosin that prevents it from binding actin
  • presence of an organophosphate pesticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase
  • opening of calcium ion channels in the terminal cisterns
  • exposure of the active sites on the actin filament
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15
Q

classifying ex of isotonic and isometric contractions

isotonic contraction

A
  • a sprinter leaves the starting block
  • a mother lowers an infant into their crib
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16
Q

classifying ex of isotonic and isometric contractions

isometric contractions

A
  • a person holds open a door for their date
  • this begins when a weightlifter pulls on a barbell and ends the moment the barbell leaves the floor
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17
Q

Classifying Concentric/Eccentric Contractions as Flexion or Extension

extension

A
  • concentric contraction of gluteus maximus
  • latissimus dorsi contracting with greater force than the pectoralis major and anterior deltoid
  • eccentric contraction of rectus abdominis
  • concentric contraction of erector spinae
  • eccentric contraction of iliopsoas
  • quadriceps contracting with greater force than the knee flexors
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18
Q

Classifying Concentric/Eccentric Contractions as Flexion or Extension

flexion

A
  • concentric contraction of biceps femoris
  • eccentric contraction of vastus lateralis
  • concentric contraction of brachialis
  • triceps brachii contracting with less force than the elbow flexors
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19
Q

Classifying Activities of Daily Living by their Muscles’ Energy Source

phosphagen system

A
  • jumping on the bed
  • swatting at a mosquito
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20
Q

Classifying Activities of Daily Living by their Muscles’ Energy Source

glycogen-lactic acid system

A

running up a couple flights of stairs

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21
Q

Classifying Activities of Daily Living by their Muscles’ Energy Source

aerobic respiration supported by cardiopulmonary function

A
  • sitting upright at your desk writing a report
  • walking across campus
  • standing while giving a classroon presentation
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22
Q

classifying atheletic activities by their muscles’ energy source

phosphagen system

A
  • during a soccer game, jumping up to head a ball
  • pitching a baseball
  • swinging a golf club
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23
Q

classifying atheletic activities by their muscles’ energy source

glycogen-lactic acid system

A
  • performing 25 push-ups
  • runnung the 400-meter dash
  • during a 10K run, sprinting up a 200-meter-long hill
24
Q

classifying atheletic activities by their muscles’ energy source

aerobic respiration supported by cardiopulmonary function

A
  • jogging on the beach
  • marathon running
25
Q

classifying the causes of muscle fatigue by activity type

high-intensity low duration

A
  • ADP and Pi accumulation
  • potassium accumulation in ECF
26
Q

classifying the causes of muscle fatigue by activity type

low-intensity high duration

A
  • electrolyte loss
  • decrease in nerve impulses from the CNS
  • decrease in stored glucose
27
Q

classifying the causes of muscle fatigue by activity type

neither
high-intensity low duration and low-intensity high duration

A
  • ATP depletion
  • increased oxygen levels in the sarcoplasm
  • decrease in sarcoplasm pH
  • lactic acid inhibition of cross-bridge formation
28
Q

understanding the factors effecting maximum oxygen uptake

results in higher VO2 max

A
  • training for a marothon
  • being male
29
Q

understanding the factors effecting maximum oxygen uptake

results in lower VO2 max

A
  • getting older
  • being female
  • being sedentary
30
Q

understanding the factors effecting maximum oxygen uptake

neither
results in higher or lower VO2 max

A
  • lactic acid accumation
  • central fatigue
  • weight training
31
Q

identifying scenarios that contribute to muscle fatigue or endurance

fatigue

A
  • inhibition of cerebral motor neurons by ammonia
  • accumulation of potassium in the extracellular fluid
  • loss of electrolytes
  • ADP/Pi accumulation
32
Q

identifying scenarios that contribute to muscle fatigue or endurance

endurance

A
  • high density of blood capillaries
  • large suppy of myoglobin
  • large supply of glycogen
33
Q

applying skeletal muscle fiber types to athletic success

slow-twitch fibers

A
  • long distace cycling
  • long distance swimming
  • triathlon
  • marathon running
34
Q

applying skeletal muscle fiber types to athletic success

fast-twitch fibers

A
  • competitive diving
  • dunking a basketball
  • shot put
  • running the 400-meter dash
  • baseball pitching
  • standing broad jump
35
Q

identifying the factors that contribute to muscular strength

stronger contraction

A
  • increase in muscle belly circumference
  • increased recruitment
  • smaller proportion of motor neurons to muscle fibers
  • increased stimulus frequency
36
Q

identifying the factors that contribute to muscular strength

weaker contraction

A
  • begin contraction with muscle already 50% contracted
  • lower sarcoplasm pH
  • circular arrangement of muscle fascicles
37
Q

predicting the effects of exercise training on muscle metabolism

increase with aerobic exercise training

A
  • long-term fatigue resistance
  • blood volume and RBC count
  • mitochondrial density
  • muscular density of blood capillaries
38
Q

predicting the effects of exercise training on muscle metabolism

increase with anaerobic resistance training
(glycolytic and phosphagen)

A
  • myofibril size and number
  • muscle size
  • lactic acid processing
39
Q

contrasting the properties of cardiac and smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

A
  • has transverse tubules
  • has intercalated discs
  • calcium ion receptors found on troponin
40
Q

contrasting the properties of cardiac and smooth muscle

smooth muscle

A
  • good capcity for repair of damaged cells
  • responsible for peristalsis
  • found in the walls of the ileum
41
Q

contrasting the properties of cardiac and smooth muscle

both cardiac and smooth muscles

A
  • uninucleate
  • does not require nervous stimulation
  • ions pass from cell to cell via specialized cell junctions
  • contracts slowly
42
Q

defining the characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  1. the ability to carry an eletrical charge along the cell is called conductivity
  2. also known as responsiveness excitability is a charcteristic of all cells through more highly developed in muscle and nerve cells
  3. muscles can pull bones closer to one another and increase the motility of some organs. this is due to the property of contractility
  4. skeletal muscles can stretch up to 3 times their contracted length. this is called extensibility
  5. muscles can stretch and when released returh to their original shorter length. this property is referred to as elasticity
43
Q

explaining the functions of muscles

A
  1. muscles function in movement of the head, neck, and limbs as well as propulsion of the contents through the digestive tract
  2. muscles also function in stability by preventing unwanted movement as in maintiang posture
  3. using spincters or valves muscles control the passage of contents from one body cavity or lumen to another
  4. since muscle contraction requires energy to do work muscles help maintain our body heat
  5. by absoring a large share of one’s glucose muscles play an important role in blood-sugar control
44
Q

classifying the regions of a sarcomere by the presence of myofilaments

thick filaments

A
  • H band
  • M line
45
Q

classifying the regions of a sarcomere by the presence of myofilaments

thin filaments

A

I band

46
Q

classifying the regions of a sarcomere by the presence of myofilaments

both thick and thin filaments

A

A band

47
Q

classifying the components of thick and thin myofilaments

thick filaments

A
  • myosin heads
  • myosin
48
Q

classifying the components of thick and thin myofilaments

thin filaments

A
  • active sites
  • tropomyosin
  • actin
  • troponin
49
Q

classifying the components of thick and thin myofilaments

neither thick nor thin filaments

A
  • dystrophin
  • elastic filament
50
Q

in skeletal muscles which of the following is true regarding the calcium needed for contraction

A

it is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

51
Q

which connective muscle tissue layer bundles muscle fibers together into fasicles

A

perimysium

52
Q

which is a characteristics of skeletal muscle

A
  • overlapping thin and thick filaments
  • striations
  • overlapping myosin and actin proteins
  • excitability
  • involuntary
53
Q

classifying muscle metabolism, strucutures, and contraction by location

extraceullular

A
  • acetylcholinesterase
  • ACh post-exocytosis
  • ACh receptor sites
54
Q

classifying muscle metabolism, strucutures, and contraction by location

inside an organelle

A
  • aerobic production of ATP for muscle contraction
  • Ca2+ during relaxation
55
Q

classifying muscle metabolism, strucutures, and contraction by location

cytosol

A
  • actin
  • Ca2+ after opening of calcium ion channels
  • myofilaments
  • troponin

anatomy 1 (14 decks)

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