ch 11 hw answers Flashcards
ex of the characteristics of muscle
excitability
placing a muscle in a solution containing calcium and ATP
ex of the characteristics of muscle
conductivity
- action potentials in the center of the fiber radiating to the ends
- depolorization of a single muscle fiber causing depoloarization of adjacent muscle fibers
ex of the characteristics of muscle
contractility
- creation of force
- pulling two bones closer together
- actively resisting the seperation of two bones
ex of the characteristics of muscle
elasticity
- a stretched muscle returning to its orginal length
- passively resisting the seperation of 2 bones
ex of the characteristics of muscle
extensibility
- stretching a muscle
- incresing sarcomere length
ranking muscles by strength
strongest to weakest
- quadriceps femoris
- gastrocnemius
- brachialis
- orbicularis oculi
- lateral rectus
classifying the components of thick and thin myofilaments
thick filaments
- myosin heads
- myosin
classifying the components of thick and thin myofilaments
thin filaments
- tropomyosin
- troponin
- active sites
- actin
classifying the components of thick and thin myofilaments
neither thick nor thin filaments
- elastic filament
- dystrophin
classifying the components of the neuromuscular junction by location
motor end plate
- acetylcholine receptors
- acetylcholinesterase
- postsynaptic membrane folds
- sarcolemma
- sarcoplasm
classifying the components of the neuromuscular junction by location
axon terminal
- synaptic vesicles filled with acetylcholine
- myelin
- voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
place the events of excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber in order
- calcium ions enter the axon terminal through voltage-gated channels
- ACh is released into the synaptic cleft
- ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the sarcolemma
- Na+ ions enter and K+ ions leave the cell creating an end-plate potential
- an action potential is generated in the adjacent sarcolemma
applying disruptive scenarios to their effects on muscle contraction
no contraction
- active transport of CA2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- a mutation to troponin that prevents it from binding Ca2+
- a mutation to tropomyosin that prevents it from binding tropnin
- an inhibior of voltage-gated Na+ channels
applying disruptive scenarios to their effects on muscle contraction
contraction
- release of acetylcholine
- a mutation to tropomyosin that prevents it from binding actin
- presence of an organophosphate pesticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase
- opening of calcium ion channels in the terminal cisterns
- exposure of the active sites on the actin filament
classifying ex of isotonic and isometric contractions
isotonic contraction
- a sprinter leaves the starting block
- a mother lowers an infant into their crib
classifying ex of isotonic and isometric contractions
isometric contractions
- a person holds open a door for their date
- this begins when a weightlifter pulls on a barbell and ends the moment the barbell leaves the floor
Classifying Concentric/Eccentric Contractions as Flexion or Extension
extension
- concentric contraction of gluteus maximus
- latissimus dorsi contracting with greater force than the pectoralis major and anterior deltoid
- eccentric contraction of rectus abdominis
- concentric contraction of erector spinae
- eccentric contraction of iliopsoas
- quadriceps contracting with greater force than the knee flexors
Classifying Concentric/Eccentric Contractions as Flexion or Extension
flexion
- concentric contraction of biceps femoris
- eccentric contraction of vastus lateralis
- concentric contraction of brachialis
- triceps brachii contracting with less force than the elbow flexors
Classifying Activities of Daily Living by their Muscles’ Energy Source
phosphagen system
- jumping on the bed
- swatting at a mosquito
Classifying Activities of Daily Living by their Muscles’ Energy Source
glycogen-lactic acid system
running up a couple flights of stairs
Classifying Activities of Daily Living by their Muscles’ Energy Source
aerobic respiration supported by cardiopulmonary function
- sitting upright at your desk writing a report
- walking across campus
- standing while giving a classroon presentation
classifying atheletic activities by their muscles’ energy source
phosphagen system
- during a soccer game, jumping up to head a ball
- pitching a baseball
- swinging a golf club
classifying atheletic activities by their muscles’ energy source
glycogen-lactic acid system
- performing 25 push-ups
- runnung the 400-meter dash
- during a 10K run, sprinting up a 200-meter-long hill
classifying atheletic activities by their muscles’ energy source
aerobic respiration supported by cardiopulmonary function
- jogging on the beach
- marathon running
classifying the causes of muscle fatigue by activity type
high-intensity low duration
- ADP and Pi accumulation
- potassium accumulation in ECF
classifying the causes of muscle fatigue by activity type
low-intensity high duration
- electrolyte loss
- decrease in nerve impulses from the CNS
- decrease in stored glucose
classifying the causes of muscle fatigue by activity type
neither
high-intensity low duration and low-intensity high duration
- ATP depletion
- increased oxygen levels in the sarcoplasm
- decrease in sarcoplasm pH
- lactic acid inhibition of cross-bridge formation
understanding the factors effecting maximum oxygen uptake
results in higher VO2 max
- training for a marothon
- being male
understanding the factors effecting maximum oxygen uptake
results in lower VO2 max
- getting older
- being female
- being sedentary
understanding the factors effecting maximum oxygen uptake
neither
results in higher or lower VO2 max
- lactic acid accumation
- central fatigue
- weight training
identifying scenarios that contribute to muscle fatigue or endurance
fatigue
- inhibition of cerebral motor neurons by ammonia
- accumulation of potassium in the extracellular fluid
- loss of electrolytes
- ADP/Pi accumulation
identifying scenarios that contribute to muscle fatigue or endurance
endurance
- high density of blood capillaries
- large suppy of myoglobin
- large supply of glycogen
applying skeletal muscle fiber types to athletic success
slow-twitch fibers
- long distace cycling
- long distance swimming
- triathlon
- marathon running
applying skeletal muscle fiber types to athletic success
fast-twitch fibers
- competitive diving
- dunking a basketball
- shot put
- running the 400-meter dash
- baseball pitching
- standing broad jump
identifying the factors that contribute to muscular strength
stronger contraction
- increase in muscle belly circumference
- increased recruitment
- smaller proportion of motor neurons to muscle fibers
- increased stimulus frequency
identifying the factors that contribute to muscular strength
weaker contraction
- begin contraction with muscle already 50% contracted
- lower sarcoplasm pH
- circular arrangement of muscle fascicles
predicting the effects of exercise training on muscle metabolism
increase with aerobic exercise training
- long-term fatigue resistance
- blood volume and RBC count
- mitochondrial density
- muscular density of blood capillaries
predicting the effects of exercise training on muscle metabolism
increase with anaerobic resistance training
(glycolytic and phosphagen)
- myofibril size and number
- muscle size
- lactic acid processing
contrasting the properties of cardiac and smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
- has transverse tubules
- has intercalated discs
- calcium ion receptors found on troponin
contrasting the properties of cardiac and smooth muscle
smooth muscle
- good capcity for repair of damaged cells
- responsible for peristalsis
- found in the walls of the ileum
contrasting the properties of cardiac and smooth muscle
both cardiac and smooth muscles
- uninucleate
- does not require nervous stimulation
- ions pass from cell to cell via specialized cell junctions
- contracts slowly
defining the characteristics of muscle tissue
- the ability to carry an eletrical charge along the cell is called conductivity
- also known as responsiveness excitability is a charcteristic of all cells through more highly developed in muscle and nerve cells
- muscles can pull bones closer to one another and increase the motility of some organs. this is due to the property of contractility
- skeletal muscles can stretch up to 3 times their contracted length. this is called extensibility
- muscles can stretch and when released returh to their original shorter length. this property is referred to as elasticity
explaining the functions of muscles
- muscles function in movement of the head, neck, and limbs as well as propulsion of the contents through the digestive tract
- muscles also function in stability by preventing unwanted movement as in maintiang posture
- using spincters or valves muscles control the passage of contents from one body cavity or lumen to another
- since muscle contraction requires energy to do work muscles help maintain our body heat
- by absoring a large share of one’s glucose muscles play an important role in blood-sugar control
classifying the regions of a sarcomere by the presence of myofilaments
thick filaments
- H band
- M line
classifying the regions of a sarcomere by the presence of myofilaments
thin filaments
I band
classifying the regions of a sarcomere by the presence of myofilaments
both thick and thin filaments
A band
classifying the components of thick and thin myofilaments
thick filaments
- myosin heads
- myosin
classifying the components of thick and thin myofilaments
thin filaments
- active sites
- tropomyosin
- actin
- troponin
classifying the components of thick and thin myofilaments
neither thick nor thin filaments
- dystrophin
- elastic filament
in skeletal muscles which of the following is true regarding the calcium needed for contraction
it is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
which connective muscle tissue layer bundles muscle fibers together into fasicles
perimysium
which is a characteristics of skeletal muscle
- overlapping thin and thick filaments
- striations
- overlapping myosin and actin proteins
- excitability
- involuntary
classifying muscle metabolism, strucutures, and contraction by location
extraceullular
- acetylcholinesterase
- ACh post-exocytosis
- ACh receptor sites
classifying muscle metabolism, strucutures, and contraction by location
inside an organelle
- aerobic production of ATP for muscle contraction
- Ca2+ during relaxation
classifying muscle metabolism, strucutures, and contraction by location
cytosol
- actin
- Ca2+ after opening of calcium ion channels
- myofilaments
- troponin
