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PSYCH 101 > CH 4 Human Development (Questions) > Flashcards

CH 4 Human Development (Questions) Flashcards

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1
Q

Myths about Early Experiences (4)

A

Infant Determinism: extremely early experiences (especially the first 3 years) are almost always more influential than later experiences in shaping human development

  • Reality: experience depends on the domain; later childhood and adult experiences are important

Childhood Fragility: children can be easily damaged by experience

  • Reality: young children are very resilient
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2
Q

Clarifying the Nature-Nurture Debate (5)

A

The relationship between genes and environment is complex

A person’s genetic makeup can determine how they respond to certain environments

Nature via Nurture: People might have certain traits or tendencies because of their genes, which can influence the kinds of environments they choose or create (traits are influenced by nature more than we think)

Gene Expression: Environment influences gene expression: Genes can turn “on and off” based on environmental experiences

  • Epigenome
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3
Q

Stages of the developing body

A
  1. Conception
  2. Prenatal Development (3 stages)
  3. Brain Development
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4
Q

When does brain development begin? What occurs? (4)

A

Embryonic stage

Neural tubes form and become the brain and spinal cord

  • Includes *Neuronal Proliferation and Migration
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5
Q

Obstacles to Normal Fetal Development (3)

A
  • Teratogens
  • Genetic Disorders
  • Preterm infancy
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6
Q

Health Issues associated with preterm birth (9)

A
  • Before 32 weeks: may lack adaptive reflexes
  • Digestion issues; Thermoregulation issues
  • Lung/breathing, cardiovascular, and immune deficiencies
  • Neurological problems
  • Low-birth weight
  • Higher overall mortality
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7
Q

What is the correlation between brain and nervous system activity and the physical abilities of children?

A

Changes in the brain and nervous system lead to changes in the physical abilities of children.

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8
Q

What do infants begin life with?

A

Reflexes (ex. Sucking, Rooting, Blinking)

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9
Q

Physical Development in Childhood (10)

A
  1. Body proportions become more adult-like (slower development compared to infancy)
  2. Brain and Nervous System Development
  • Brain is at 75% of adult weight by age 3, and 95% by age 6
  • Pre-frontal cortex develops: Allows for increased capacity of self-control, attention, and reasoning
  1. Motor Skill Development
  • Fine and Gross motor skills
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10
Q

Physical Development in Adolescence (2)

A
  • Puberty
  • Sexual Maturation
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11
Q

Sexual Development in Girls (4)

A
  • Primary: pubic hair; breast development; Menarche
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12
Q

Sexual Development in Boys (6)

A

Primary: Testes and penis enlarge and pubic hair emerges; Spermarche

Secondary: Voice deepening, etc.

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13
Q

Timing of Puberty (2)

A
  • Lots of variation
  • Lifestyle factors contribute; genetics may play a role
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14
Q

How to maintain bodily performance as we age? (3)

A

Nutrition, physical activity (including load bearing), and practice

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15
Q

Differences in Theories of Cognition

A
  • Continuous vs. discontinuous (stage-like)
  • Domain-general vs. domain specific
  • Source of learning: physical experience, social interaction, and biological maturation
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16
Q

Important Concepts in Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory (4)

A
  • Schemes
  • Assimilation
  • Accommodation
  • Equilibration
17
Q

Limitations of Piaget’s Theory (4)

A
  1. Development is more continuous than stage-like
  2. Development is not universal and is unique to every individual
  3. Task demands and measurement
  • Some tasks were too difficult
  1. Cultural Bias
18
Q

Cognitive Landmarks of Early Development (3)

A
  • Understanding the physical world
  • Categorization and classification
  • Memory
19
Q

Cognitive Changes in Adolescence (5)

A
  1. Biological Foundations: Brain Maturation
  2. Hypothetical and abstract reasoning develop
  • Generally good but includes problems like Naïve idealism and Personal Fable
  1. Relativistic Thinking Develops
  • Answers are not always “either-or” or “black-and-white”
20
Q

Relative to social development, what are infants born with? (4)

A

Social Preferences

  • Preference for faces over other stimuli
  • Preferences for voices over other sounds
  • Attachments to parents
21
Q

What social nuances appear in infants?

A
  • Infants prefer parents early on
  • Stranger anxiety
22
Q

Types if Temperaments in Children

A
  • Easy
  • Difficult
  • Slow-to-warm-up
  • Combination of types (~35%)
23
Q

Aspects of Parental Attachment (3)

A
  • Physical contact is crucial
  • Woman: routine caregiving
  • Men: “Rough-and-tumble” play
24
Q

Types of Attachment

A
  • Secure
  • Avoidant
  • Ambivalent
  • Disorganized/ Disoriented
25
Q

What characteristics are often found in the parents of Securely Attached infants? (3)

A

Happy, emotionally and physically responsive

26
Q

What characteristics are often found in the parents of Insecure Attached infants? (3)

A

Emotionally unavailable, unmarried/separated, and experience poor mental health

27
Q

General outcome of Securely Attached infants (4)

A

Have better cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioural outcomes

Tend to raise securely attached children of their own

28
Q

How can attachments change throughout life?

A

Secure to insecure: negative life events/changes

29
Q

Parenting styles (4)

A
  1. Authoritarian
  2. Permissive
  3. Uninvolved
  4. Authoritative
30
Q

Peer relationships in childhood (4)

A

Increase in importance as children get older

Allow children to develop social skills

”Best friend”

Often gender segregated

31
Q

Peer relationships in adolescence

A

Seek autonomy and challenge parental authority: conflict is normal

May be more significant in adolescence than at any other time in the lifespan

Identity formation and validation through peer group

Romantic relationships

32
Q

Relationships in Adulthood (6)

A

Marriage/ Divorce

Family

Children

Typically good experience as Grandparents

Smaller social circles; High quality relationships

  • Larger social network is associated with better physical and psychological outcomes

PSYCH 101 (12 decks)

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