CH 3 Intelligence (Terms) Flashcards
Intelligence
- “Intelligence is what the tests test” Edwin Boring
Abstract/hypothetical construct that can be defined and measured in a variety of ways/domains.
Intelligence as Sensory Capacity
Sir Francis Galton
Intelligence was the byproduct of sensory capacities
Galton measured basic sensory abilities and motor functions (visual acuity, hearing, response time, smell, grip strength, etc.)
- Tried to link sensory abilities with eminence (success in a variety of domains).
Intelligence as Abstract Thinking
Abstract thinking is tied to intelligence.
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
- Developed one of the first proper intelligence tests
- Used test items from different domains to asses children:
- 30 brief cognitive tests
- Language skills, memory, reasoning, digit span, and psychophysical judgements (tests correlated with each other - performing well on one thing often suggested that the participant will do well on others)
- Abstract Thinking: Capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
- (1908) tests grouped by age level
Intelligence effects a variety of different outcomes.
Intelligence Test
Diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability
Intelligence as General versus Specific Abilities
Charles Spearman
- Made Factor Analysis
Tests of different IQ domains are modestly correlated with each other
Spearman hypothesized the existence of a single underlying trait: g (general intelligence)
Spearman proposed the existence of s (specific abilities)
- Intelligence is more than just general ability
g (general intelligence)
A hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
- Used a new statistical technique called factor analysis to examine IQ data
- g may reflect mental energy or “mental power”: efficiency and accuracy
s (specific abilities)
A particular ability in a narrow domain
Fluid Intelligence
Capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
- ex. Getting out of an escape room based on clues on the first attempt
- Declines past 30
Dinstinct, but interrelated with Crystalized Intelligence: New experiences “flow” into memory and “crystalize.”
Crystalized Intelligence
Accumulated knowledge of the world over time
- ex. Memorizing definitions for a university exam
Dinstinct, but interrelated with Fluid Intelligence: New experiences “flow” into memory and “crystalize.”
Theories of Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner
Multiple Intelligences: people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill.
- Different abilities may operate independently of one another
- Theory has been widely applied in education: a questionable approach to teaching
Negative
- Some of the intelligences are correlated; suggests a general factor (g)
- Why not other intelligences?
- Too little evidence for the theory
Sternberg’s Triarchic Model of Intelligence
Three points of intelligence:
- Analytical Intelligence
- Practical Intelligence
- Creative Intelligence
Three types of intelligence are connected, but distinct
Strengths/”intelligences” are modifiable
Analytical Intelligence
The ability to reason logically
- “Book Smarts”
Practical Intelligence
The ability to solve real-world problems especially those involving other people
- “Street smarts”
Creative Intelligence
The ability to develop novel and effective answers to questions
- Applies to novel experiences and problems
Standford-Binet Intelligence Test
Published in 1916
Based on Binet and Sion’s test developed for the French government
Test was used to develop norms: Baseline sores for the general population
- Adopted Whilem Stern’s (1912) formula for IQ