CH 3 Intelligence (Terms) Flashcards
Intelligence
- “Intelligence is what the tests test” Edwin Boring
Abstract/hypothetical construct that can be defined and measured in a variety of ways/domains.
Intelligence as Sensory Capacity
Sir Francis Galton
Intelligence was the byproduct of sensory capacities
Galton measured basic sensory abilities and motor functions (visual acuity, hearing, response time, smell, grip strength, etc.)
- Tried to link sensory abilities with eminence (success in a variety of domains).
Intelligence as Abstract Thinking
Abstract thinking is tied to intelligence.
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
- Developed one of the first proper intelligence tests
- Used test items from different domains to asses children:
- 30 brief cognitive tests
- Language skills, memory, reasoning, digit span, and psychophysical judgements (tests correlated with each other - performing well on one thing often suggested that the participant will do well on others)
- Abstract Thinking: Capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
- (1908) tests grouped by age level
Intelligence effects a variety of different outcomes.
Intelligence Test
Diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability
Intelligence as General versus Specific Abilities
Charles Spearman
- Made Factor Analysis
Tests of different IQ domains are modestly correlated with each other
Spearman hypothesized the existence of a single underlying trait: g (general intelligence)
Spearman proposed the existence of s (specific abilities)
- Intelligence is more than just general ability
g (general intelligence)
A hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
- Used a new statistical technique called factor analysis to examine IQ data
- g may reflect mental energy or “mental power”: efficiency and accuracy
s (specific abilities)
A particular ability in a narrow domain
Fluid Intelligence
Capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
- ex. Getting out of an escape room based on clues on the first attempt
- Declines past 30
Dinstinct, but interrelated with Crystalized Intelligence: New experiences “flow” into memory and “crystalize.”
Crystalized Intelligence
Accumulated knowledge of the world over time
- ex. Memorizing definitions for a university exam
Dinstinct, but interrelated with Fluid Intelligence: New experiences “flow” into memory and “crystalize.”
Theories of Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner
Multiple Intelligences: people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill.
- Different abilities may operate independently of one another
- Theory has been widely applied in education: a questionable approach to teaching
Negative
- Some of the intelligences are correlated; suggests a general factor (g)
- Why not other intelligences?
- Too little evidence for the theory
Sternberg’s Triarchic Model of Intelligence
Three points of intelligence:
- Analytical Intelligence
- Practical Intelligence
- Creative Intelligence
Three types of intelligence are connected, but distinct
Strengths/”intelligences” are modifiable
Analytical Intelligence
The ability to reason logically
- “Book Smarts”
Practical Intelligence
The ability to solve real-world problems especially those involving other people
- “Street smarts”
Creative Intelligence
The ability to develop novel and effective answers to questions
- Applies to novel experiences and problems
Standford-Binet Intelligence Test
Published in 1916
Based on Binet and Sion’s test developed for the French government
Test was used to develop norms: Baseline sores for the general population
- Adopted Whilem Stern’s (1912) formula for IQ
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence
Stern’s IQ formula (include formula and problem)
IQ= (mental age/chronological age) x 100
- Mental Age: Age corresponding to the average individual’s performance on an intelligence test
- Problem Suggests people get smarter and smarter over time based off their age, which is not true. Intelligence levels-off in mid-to-late teens
Deviation IQ
Expression of a person’s IQ relative to their same-aged peers
- Adresses the issue with Stern’s IQ Formula
Eugenics
Movement in the early 20th century to improve a population’s genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, discouraging those with bad genes from reproducing, or both.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
- Consists of 15 subtests to assess different types of mental abilities
- Most widely used measure of intelligence in adults.
- Current version: WAIS-V
Culture-Fair IQ Testing
- Modern IQ testing
Abstract reasoning measure that doesn’t depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests
Criterion Validity
- Addresses the relation between scores on a measure and an outcome
- Two Sub types:
- Concurrent Validity
- Predictive Validity
Concurrent Validity
- A type of Criterion Validity
The relation between scores on a measure and an outcome are assessed at the same time (i.e, concurrently)
ex. Relationship between IQ and current academic performances (or job performance)
Predictive Validity
- Type of Criterion Validity
A measure taken at one time predicts a criterion that occurs in the future.
ex.
- IQ at age 11 predicts future academic outcomes
- IQ predicts social class, health literacy, and outcomes, and crime (not necessarily casual)
Convergent Validity
Scores on a measure should correlate highly (i.e., converge) with scores on other measures of the same construct.
ex.
- One IQ test correlates highly with others
- IQ correlates with math tests, verbal and language ability tests, problem-solving measures and working memory tasks
Bell Curve
Distribution of scores in which the bulk of the scores fall toward the middle, with progressively fewer scores toward the tails (extreme ends)
- 68-95-99.7 rule
Standard Deviation (+ Intelligent scores on a Bell Curve)
Measure of variability that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean.
Intelligent Scores on the Bell Curve:
- Mean = ~100, SD = 15
- 95% of the population falls within two standard deviations of the mean for intelligence: IQ of 70-130
Intellectual Disability (What is it? What does it assess? What are the four levels?)
Condition characterized by an onset prior to adulthood, IQ below ~70, and an inability to engage in adequate daily functioning.
- Practical life skills, social skills, and conceptual understanding are assessed
- Four Levels: Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Profound
High Intelligence
Superior IQ: ~130 IQ
High professions: Medical doctors, Lawyers, Engineers, and Professors
- Success, production of great works, and performances are not only determined by IQ. Practice is needed for greatness.
The Flynn Effect
- Environmentally caused
- The rise in IQ scores over time at a rate of approximately 3 points per decade
- Norms become obsolete over time
Within-group heritability
Extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced
Between-group heritability
Extent to which the variability of a trait between groups is genetically influenced
Stereotype Threat
Fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype, which can negatively impact performance
