CH 2 Research Methods (Questions) Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need research designs?

A
  • Avoid biases when evaluating information
  • Attempt to see the world as it really is (including the psychological world)
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2
Q

Describe the Facilitated Communication incident 


A
  • Premise: Children with autism are just as intelligent as other children; they have severe motor problems that prevent communication
  • Facilitator steadies them as they approach intended letter keys on computer keyboard
  • Investigators put it to the test; “communications” came from facilitator
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3
Q

What are the Two Modes of Thinking?


A

Intuitive Thinking (System 1)
- Quick, Reflexive, Adaptive
- Little mental effort required
- Flaw: over-reliance leads to errors
- Research methods can help to avoid the pitfalls of intuitive thinking

Analytic Thinking (System 2)
- Slow and reflective; deliberate
- Requires mental effort

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4
Q

Types of Research Designs 


A
  • Observational Research: Naturalistic observation
  • Case Studies
  • Surveys
  • Correlation Designs
  • Experiments
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5
Q

Defining Variables in Research 


A

Conceptual Definitions
- How do we specify our phenomenon or construct of interest? (e.g., happiness; driving performance)

Operational Defintion
- Defining a variable in terms of what a researcher is measuring (measurable)
- Convert an abstract, hypothetical, or non-observable construct into things that can be measured

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6
Q

What are the advantages to Naturalistic Observation?


A
  • External Validity: The extent to which findings apply to other contexts beside the research setting.
  • Ecological Validity (subtype): The extent to which the research findings apply in the real world (research setting is the real world)
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7
Q

What are the disadvantages to Naturalistic Observation?


A
  • Lack internal validity*: the ability to draw cause-and-effect inferences
  • Reactivity: When the process of observing behaviour causes that behaviour to change
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8
Q

What are the disadvantages to Case Study Designs?


A
  • Cannot systematically test hypotheses
  • Cannot draw casual inferences
  • Problems with generalizability
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9
Q

What are 5 the advantages to Case Study Designs?


A
  • Existence Proofs
  • In depth exploration
  • Flexibility of data collection techniques
  • Provide supporting or disconfirming evidence
  • Provide insights or “leads” for researchers to further investigate
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10
Q

How are measures evaluated in Survey Research?


A

Validity: Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure

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11
Q

What are the 4 common issues in Wording the Questionnaire?


A
  • Leading questions (overly suggest one perspective)
  • Loaded Questions (emotionally triggering)
  • Double-barrelled questions (ask about two questions in one, forcing respondents to combine contradicting opinions into one judgement)
  • Double negatives (phrasing contains two negative words)
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12
Q

Advantages of Self-Report Measures


A
  • Convenient
  • Appropriate: many questions need to be asked directly
  • External Validity/ Generalized inferences
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13
Q

Disadvantages of Self-Report Measures 


A
  • Lack of personal insight
  • Assume honest responses
  • No internal validity
  • Social Desirability Bias: Tendency to respond in way that is socially acceptable
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14
Q

Correlation vs. Causation


A

Correlation doesn’t equal Causation

  • Correlation allows us to make predictions
  • Prediction is not perfect
  • Casual relationships are not necessary, just associations
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15
Q

What do experimental designs require?

A
  1. Confounding Variable
  2. Cause-and-Effect Inferences require the groups be equal
  • If not, we have alternative explanations
  1. Random Assignments
  • Create groups
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16
Q

Issues in Experimentation

A
  • Placebo Effect
  • Nocebo Effect
  • Experimenter, Expectancy Effects
  • Demand Characteristics
17
Q

Describe the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? What were its problems?

A

(1932-1972) USA

  • Studied how syphilis spread through the body
  • Recruited 600 financially poor black men

Problems

  1. Important information was withheld
  2. Coerced to participate
  3. Direct harm; low benefit
18
Q

What are the core principles of the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS-2)

A
  • Respect for Persons
  • Concern for Welfare
  • Justice
19
Q

When can Deception be permitted?

A
  1. Study cannot be conducted without deception
  2. Does not harm participants
  3. Does not involve a medical or therapeutic intervention
  4. The study is likely to yield significant positive benefits