CH 3 Intelligence (Questions) Flashcards
What did James Mckeen Cattell’s research with Galtonian measure prove?
- Research at the time showed that there was no connection between sensory discrimination and academic grades
- Different sensory capacities are only modestly correlated.
What are Gardner’s 4 criteria to identify a separate form of intelligence?
- Dissociation evidence (brain damage)
- Exceptionalities (savants, prodigies)
- Definable end-state performance/profession
- Support from psychometric findings
What are Gardener’s 9 types of intelligence?
- Linguistic: Speak and write well
- Logico-mathematical: Use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems (ex. scientific questions)
- Spatial: Think and reason about objects in 3D space
4.Musical: Perform, understand, and enjoy music
5.Bodily-kinesthetic: Manipulate the body in sports, dance, or other physical endeavours
- Interpersonal: Understand and interact effectively with others
- Intrapersonal: Understand and possess insight into self
- Naturalistic: Recognize, identify, and understand animales, plants, and other living things
Later added:
- Existential: Ability to understand and engage in philosophical topics
What are the theoretical biological bases of intelligence?
- Brain Size
- Cortical Density and Localization of Intelligence
- Processing Efficiency and Response Time
- Working Memory
How does Brain Size biologically correlate with intelligence?
- Brain size correlates with intelligence across species when corrected for body size (species body size influences brain size)
- Humans: Brain size is weakly (but robustly) associated with intelligence
How does Cortical Density biologically correlate with intelligence? (+ Localization of Intelligence)
- Tighter packing of neurons in the cerebral cortex and specific locations related to intelligence
Localization of Intelligence
- No single location for intelligence: Multiple pre-frontal cortex and parietal lobe areas
What does research say about the relationship between intelligence, brain size, and cortical density?
Indicates a correlational relationship
- Link assumed to be casual as a result of brain damage evidence (one part of brain damaged affects other areas), but may not be.
How does Processing Efficiency and Response Time correlate with intelligence?
- Intelligent brains process information quicker
- Intelligent brains can display less overall activity for some tasks: they are more efficient
- Experimental tasks measure speed of response when doing newly trained activities
How does Working Memory correlate with intelligence?
- People hold some information in mind while doing mental operations (ex. operational span task)
- Correlates with overall intelligence
Why do we need to test intelligence? (5)
- Educational placement
- Diagnosis and support for cognitive disorders
- Prediction of academic and occupational success
- Research on the nature of intelligence
- People are not good at estimating their own intelligence
Why are people not good at estimating their own intelligence?
- Poor metacognitive skills
- People do not know (or mentally represent) what they do not know
How did Henry Goddard influence IQ testing in North America? What was he interested in identifying?
- Henry Goddard translated Binet-Simon Intelligence Test into English
- He was interested in identifying intellectually inferior individuals and groups
How were intelligence tests problematically used?
- Tests developed for children were adapted to adults without enough rigour
- Misapplied to many people (immigrants, etc.) who were deemed as having low IQ and intellectual abilities
- Eugenics movement: Immigration from low-IQ individuals was restricted; Sterilization of low-IQ individuals was practiced
What important scores does WAIS provide? (3)
- Overall IQ score
- Domain Scores for:
- Verbal comprehension
- Perceptual reasoning
- Working memory
- Processing Speed
- Norms exist for the overall score and all subscales
Name 11 sample items from WAIS
- Information
- Comprehension
- Arithmetic
- Similarities
- Digit Span
- Vocabulary
- Digit Symbol
- Picture Completion
- Block Design
- Visual Puzzles
- Figure Weights
What does WAIS test for Information?
Taps general range of information
ex. On which continent is France?
What does WAIS test for Comprehension?
Tests understanding of social conventions and ability to evaluate past experiences
ex. Why do people need birth certificates?
What does WAIS test for Artithmetic?
Tests arithmetic reasoning through verbal problems
ex. Mathematical word problems
What does WAIS test for Similarities?
Asks in what way certain objects or concepts are similar; measures abstract thinking
ex. How are calculators and a typewriter alike?
What does WAIS test for Digit Span?
Tests attention and rote memory by orally presenting series of digits to be repeated forward or backward
ex. Repeat the following numbers backwards: 2, 4, 3, 5, 1, 8, 6
What does WAIS test for Vocabulary?
Tests ability to define increasingly difficult words
ex. What does *repudiate** mean?
What does WAIS test for Digital Symbol?
Tests speed of learning
ex. Timed coding tasks in which numbers must be associated with marks of various shapes
What does WAIS test for Picture Completion?
Tests visual alertness and visual memory
ex. An incomplete figure is shown and the missing part must be discovered and named
What does WAIS test for Block Design?
Tests ability to perceive and analyze patterns
ex. Copying a design with blocks
What does WAIS test for Visual Puzzles?
Tests ability to organize parts of a into a larger spatial array
ex. Sove puzzle
What does WAIS test for Figure Weights?
Tests ability to reason logically about numbers
Name 2 Childhood IQ Tests
- Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
- Wechlser Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Are IQ Scores reliable in adulthood?
Yes
- Test-retest Reliability: very high over the short term; 0.95 correlation over several weeks
- Some variability in scores, especially across long time intervals
Are IQ Scores in very young children (prior to age 2-3) reliable over time?
No
- IQ measured at 6 months had near zero correlation with adult intelligence
- Early IQ measurement is often based on sensory and motor abilities
- Habitual paradigms are used
What percentage of individuals in North America are intellectually disabled?
~1%
