CH 2 Research Methods (Terms) Flashcards

1
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Type of Observational Research

Watching behaviour in a real-world setting without trying to manipulate the situation.

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2
Q

Participation Observation

A

Type of Observational Research

The observer becomes apart of the group or social setting being studied

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3
Q

Case Study

A

An in-depth analysis of an individual, social unit, event, or some other phenomenon.

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4
Q

Survey

A

Uses questionnaires to gather information about people

  • Self-report measure
  • Examine traits, beliefs, opinions, and feelings
  • Can be descriptive/ used to test hypotheses

e.g., Personality Traits, Beliefs about distracted driving, Depression.

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5
Q

Correlation Design

A

A research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated.

  • A statistical association between variables
  • Scores are associated in a non-random fashion
  • Only measures things.
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6
Q

Experiment

A

Researcher:

  • Manipulates one or more variable
  • Attempts to control extraneous factors
  • Measures how the manipulated variable affects participant’s responses

Participants are randomly assigned to groups or orders of conditions.

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7
Q

Population

A

Refers to all the cases or observations of interest in a survey research

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8
Q

Sample

A

A subset of cases or observations from the population in a survey research

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9
Q

Representative Sample

A

Reflects the important characteristics of the population in a survey research

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10
Q

Random Selection

A

A procedure that ensures that every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

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11
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of a measurement tool

  • Measures can be reliable but inaccurate

Types

  • Test-retest
  • Interrater Reliability
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12
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure

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13
Q

Key concept

A

Variables are measured not manipulated

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14
Q

Positive correlation

A

As X increases, Y increases

As X decreases, Y decreases

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15
Q

Negative Correlation

A

As X increases, Y decreases

As X decreases, Y increases

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16
Q

No (Zero) Correlation

A

No association between variables

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17
Q

Pearson’s R

A

A statics that measures the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two variables

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18
Q

Scatterplot

A

A graph that portrays the intersection of data on two variables for a single individual

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19
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

The perception of statistical association between two variables when none exists

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20
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable manipulated by the researcher

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21
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The response that is measured, to determine whether the independent variable has produced an effect

  • The presumed effect in the cause and effect relationship
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22
Q

Random Assignment

A

Participants in the experiment are randomly sorted into groups

23
Q

Experiment Group

A

The group of participants that receives the manipulation

24
Q

Control Group

A

The group of participants that does not receive the manipulation

25
Between-Participants Design
A.K.A **Between-Subjects** - Researcher randomly assigns people to different groups - Each participants takes part in only one condition of the experiment **Random Assignment**: Randomly assigned to different groups
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Within-Participants Design
A.K.A **Within-Subjects** - Each participant acts as their own control - Each participants engages in every condition of the experiment **Counterbalancing**: Randomly assigned order of conditions.
27
Confounding Variable
Any variable that differs between the different groups (conditions) of the experiment besides the manipulated variable.
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Placebo Effect
Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement. - Countered with ***Blinded Experiments***
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Blinded Experiments
Participants are unaware if they are in the experimental group or control group. - Used to counter the ***Placebo Effect***
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Nocebo Effect
Harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm.
31
Experimenter Expectancy Effects
Researcher's hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study - Countered with ***Double Blind Experiments***
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Demand Characteristics
- **Cues** that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypotheses - Can affect responses; Participants may behave the way they think they are expected to behave - Counteract with "cover" stories and distractor tasks
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Double Blind Experiments
When neither the researchers nor the participants are aware of who is the experimental or control group.
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Ethics
Represent a system of moral principles and standards.
35
Research Ethics Board (**REB**)
An independent institutional committee that evaluates whether proposed research projects with human participants complies with the ***TCPS-2*** principles and guidelines.
36
Tri-Council Policy Statement (**TCPS-2**)
Mandate: "To promote research that is conducted according to the highest ethical standards." Core Principles: - Respect for Persons - Concern for Welfare - Justice
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Respect for Person
Respect autonomy & protect those with developing, impaired, or diminished autonomy.
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Concern for Welfare
Quality of life (financial, etc.); physical and mental health
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Justice
Fair and equitable treatment
40
Informed Consent
Informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate - The principle that people have the right to make a voluntary informed decision about whether to participate in a study.
41
Deception
Researchers intentionally withhold information from (passive) or intentionally mislead (active) participants about the nature of the study.
42
Debriefing
A conversation or communication with the participant that conveys additional information about the study. - Provide complete information about the purpose of the study - Give the participants a chance to ask questions - Minimize negative effects/feelings
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Animal Research as a Ethical Issue
Is the knowledge gained worth the suffering? - Animals give us important "models" to learn from - Some research may not generalize Questions around the use of animals in research are complex, it is important to keep the context in mind
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Descriptive Statistics
Numerical characterization that describe data
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Inferential Statistics
Mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population.
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Statistical Significance
- Unlikely to be due to chance alone - Conventional threshold is 5/100 or ***p*** (probability) < 0.05 - Does not equal practical significance as large samples can lead to statistically significant results
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Central Tendency
Measures the "typical"/"central" scores in a data set. **e.g.**, Age in a university class: 18, 20, 22, 22, 23
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Mean
The average of the dataset - **Advantage**: Includes all numerical information in dataset - **Disadvantage**: Heavily influenced by outliers
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Median
The middle score in the data set.
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Mode
The more frequently occurring score in the dataset.
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Variability (Dispersion)
Measures of how scores vary - How loosely or tightly bunched the scores are
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Range
Difference between the highest and lowest scores