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PSYCH 101 > CH 2 Research Methods (Terms) > Flashcards

CH 2 Research Methods (Terms) Flashcards

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1
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Type of Observational Research

Watching behaviour in a real-world setting without trying to manipulate the situation.

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2
Q

Participation Observation

A

Type of Observational Research

The observer becomes apart of the group or social setting being studied

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3
Q

Case Study

A

An in-depth analysis of an individual, social unit, event, or some other phenomenon.

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4
Q

Survey

A

Uses questionnaires to gather information about people

  • Self-report measure
  • Examine traits, beliefs, opinions, and feelings
  • Can be descriptive/ used to test hypotheses

e.g., Personality Traits, Beliefs about distracted driving, Depression.

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5
Q

Correlation Design

A

A research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated.

  • A statistical association between variables
  • Scores are associated in a non-random fashion
  • Only measures things.
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6
Q

Experiment

A

Researcher:

  • Manipulates one or more variable
  • Attempts to control extraneous factors
  • Measures how the manipulated variable affects participant’s responses

Participants are randomly assigned to groups or orders of conditions.

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7
Q

Population

A

Refers to all the cases or observations of interest in a survey research

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8
Q

Sample

A

A subset of cases or observations from the population in a survey research

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9
Q

Representative Sample

A

Reflects the important characteristics of the population in a survey research

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10
Q

Random Selection

A

A procedure that ensures that every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

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11
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of a measurement tool

  • Measures can be reliable but inaccurate

Types

  • Test-retest
  • Interrater Reliability
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12
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure

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13
Q

Key concept

A

Variables are measured not manipulated

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14
Q

Positive correlation

A

As X increases, Y increases

As X decreases, Y decreases

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15
Q

Negative Correlation

A

As X increases, Y decreases

As X decreases, Y increases

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16
Q

No (Zero) Correlation

A

No association between variables

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17
Q

Pearson’s R

A

A statics that measures the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two variables

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18
Q

Scatterplot

A

A graph that portrays the intersection of data on two variables for a single individual

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19
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

The perception of statistical association between two variables when none exists

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20
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable manipulated by the researcher

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21
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The response that is measured, to determine whether the independent variable has produced an effect

  • The presumed effect in the cause and effect relationship
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22
Q

Random Assignment

A

Participants in the experiment are randomly sorted into groups

23
Q

Experiment Group

A

The group of participants that receives the manipulation

24
Q

Control Group

A

The group of participants that does not receive the manipulation

25
Q

Between-Participants Design

A

A.K.A Between-Subjects

  • Researcher randomly assigns people to different groups
  • Each participants takes part in only one condition of the experiment

Random Assignment: Randomly assigned to different groups

26
Q

Within-Participants Design

A

A.K.A Within-Subjects

  • Each participant acts as their own control
  • Each participants engages in every condition of the experiment

Counterbalancing: Randomly assigned order of conditions.

27
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Any variable that differs between the different groups (conditions) of the experiment besides the manipulated variable.

28
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement.

  • Countered with Blinded Experiments
29
Q

Blinded Experiments

A

Participants are unaware if they are in the experimental group or control group.

  • Used to counter the Placebo Effect
30
Q

Nocebo Effect

A

Harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm.

31
Q

Experimenter Expectancy Effects

A

Researcher’s hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study

  • Countered with Double Blind Experiments
32
Q

Demand Characteristics

A
  • Cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypotheses
  • Can affect responses; Participants may behave the way they think they are expected to behave
  • Counteract with “cover” stories and distractor tasks
33
Q

Double Blind Experiments

A

When neither the researchers nor the participants are aware of who is the experimental or control group.

34
Q

Ethics

A

Represent a system of moral principles and standards.

35
Q

Research Ethics Board (REB)

A

An independent institutional committee that evaluates whether proposed research projects with human participants complies with the TCPS-2 principles and guidelines.

36
Q

Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS-2)

A

Mandate: “To promote research that is conducted according to the highest ethical standards.”

Core Principles:

  • Respect for Persons
  • Concern for Welfare
  • Justice
37
Q

Respect for Person

A

Respect autonomy & protect those with developing, impaired, or diminished autonomy.

38
Q

Concern for Welfare

A

Quality of life (financial, etc.); physical and mental health

39
Q

Justice

A

Fair and equitable treatment

40
Q

Informed Consent

A

Informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate

  • The principle that people have the right to make a voluntary informed decision about whether to participate in a study.
41
Q

Deception

A

Researchers intentionally withhold information from (passive) or intentionally mislead (active) participants about the nature of the study.

42
Q

Debriefing

A

A conversation or communication with the participant that conveys additional information about the study.

  • Provide complete information about the purpose of the study
  • Give the participants a chance to ask questions
  • Minimize negative effects/feelings
43
Q

Animal Research as a Ethical Issue

A

Is the knowledge gained worth the suffering?

  • Animals give us important “models” to learn from
  • Some research may not generalize

Questions around the use of animals in research are complex, it is important to keep the context in mind

44
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Numerical characterization that describe data

45
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population.

46
Q

Statistical Significance

A
  • Unlikely to be due to chance alone
  • Conventional threshold is 5/100 or p (probability) < 0.05
  • Does not equal practical significance as large samples can lead to statistically significant results
47
Q
A
48
Q

Central Tendency

A

Measures the “typical”/”central” scores in a data set.

e.g., Age in a university class: 18, 20, 22, 22, 23

49
Q

Mean

A

The average of the dataset

  • Advantage: Includes all numerical information in dataset
  • Disadvantage: Heavily influenced by outliers
50
Q

Median

A

The middle score in the data set.

51
Q

Mode

A

The more frequently occurring score in the dataset.

52
Q

Variability (Dispersion)

A

Measures of how scores vary

  • How loosely or tightly bunched the scores are
53
Q

Range

A

Difference between the highest and lowest scores

PSYCH 101 (8 decks)

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