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BIO 246: Microbiology of Human Disease > Ch 4: Eukaryotic Microbes > Flashcards

Ch 4: Eukaryotic Microbes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

Complex cells with a nucleus and other organelles

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2
Q

What are the types of Eukaryotic microbes?

A

Fungi, Protists, Multicellular parasites

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3
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

Eukaryotic cells evolved by endosymbiosis

  • Early eukaryotic cells took up bacterial cells that could produce ATP (mitchondria/ATP)
  • Increase in energy production allowed eukaryotes to form complex intracellular organization
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4
Q

The theory of endosymbiosis describes the evolution of which two eukaryotic organelles?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

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5
Q

Which structure is not found in all eukaryotes?

A

Flagella

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotic Flagellum?

A

Motility

  • 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
  • Cells can have more than one
  • Found on some types of motile algae and protozoa
  • Not found on fungi
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotic Cilium?

A

Translates to “eyelid”

-Similar arrangement as flagella

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8
Q

What are Eukaryotic cell walls composed of?

A

SImple Polysaccharides

  • Cellulose (algae)
  • Chitin (fungi)
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9
Q

What are Sterols?

A

Eukaryotic cells produce sterols which stabilize cell membranes
-many antifungal agents destabilize the fungal membranes by targeting the sterols

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10
Q

The cell wall of fungi is composed of?

A

Chitin

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the Eukaryotic Nucleus?

A
  • genome consists of loose, unpackaged DNA called chromatin

- nucleolus is the site of large amounts of rRNA synthesis (used for making ribosomes)

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12
Q

Eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes. How many chromosomes does yeast have?

A

Yeast has 16 chromosomes

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13
Q

What are the types of cellular reproduction?

A

Asexual

  • mitosis
  • budding (yeasts)
  • binary fission (some simple protozoa)

Sexual
-meiosis → produces gametes (sex cells)

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

ribosomes perform translation (protein synthesis)

  • ribosomes are present in cytoplasm & RER
  • 80S ribosomes (60S + 40S subunits)
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

“rough” (RER)
-contain ribosomes that synthesize membrane proteins and proteins to be secreted

“smooth” (SER)

  • lipid synthesis
  • vesicles for packaging proteins for transport
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  • Makes modifications (glycosylation) to proteins that are going to be transported
  • Packaging into membrane enclosed vessicles
  • Secretion
17
Q

How does phagocytosis work in Eukaryotes?

A

Microbes are ingested and compartmentalized into phagosomes or vacuoles

Lysozomes produced in Golgi contain enzymes for digesting pathogens

18
Q

What are the mitochondria responsible for?

A

cellular respiration

19
Q

What is the evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are the result of endosymbiosis?

A

Lynn Margulis

  • contain bacterial DNA and bacterial membranes
  • contain bacterial 70S ribosomes
  • Self Replicating (binary fission)
20
Q

What is the Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton made up of?

A

Actin microfliaments and Microtubules

21
Q

What are Pseudopods?

A

The Eukaryotic cytoskeleton is responsible for shape changes creating pseudopods
-used in phagocytosis and movement

22
Q

What molecules are synthesized in the nucleus?

A
  • DNA
  • Messenger RNA
  • Ribosomal RNA
23
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

Synthesize proteins that will be embedded in membrane or secreted

24
Q

What are the characteristics of fungi? What are the types of fungi?

A

Fungi are unicellular yeasts and colonial molds

There are:

1) Saprobes: decomposers
2) Parasites: opportunists

25
Q

What are molds? How are they produced? What are mycelium? What are hyphae?

A

Colonial Fungi
-produced from reproductive spores

Mycelium: visible colony surface growth

Hyphae: filamentous growth (spore structures)

26
Q

What are yeasts?

A

Unicellular Fungi
-produced from asymmetrical mitosis called BUDDING

Strings of buds form PSEUDOHYPHAE giving yeasts a filamentous appearance

27
Q

What are protists? What are the protist pathogens?

A

Eukaryotes belonging to kingdom protista

Algae: plant like and aquatic
-unicellular and autorophic (photosynthetic)

Protozoa: animal like and aquatic
-unicellular and heterotrophic (feeders)

28
Q

What are Harmful Algal Blooms?

A

aka “red tide”

  • caused by alage
  • intoxication not infection
  • release neurotoxin that is taken up by filter feeders like shellfish
  • people eat shellfish and ingest the neurotoxin
29
Q

What are the characteristics of protozoa?

A

found in fresh & marine waters, soil, plants and animals

  • heterotrophic “feeders”
  • use phagocytosis and vacuoles to eat

Have no Cell Walls
-contain ectoplasm outside and endoplasm

30
Q

What is the life cycle of the protozoan?

A

Trophozoite - Vegetative (feeding) form
Encystment - due to poor growth conditions
Cyst - similar to endospore but not as resistant
Germination - better growth conditions

31
Q

What are the different classifications of protozoa?

A

Ciliated (Ciliophora)
Flagellated (Mastigophora)
Amoeboid (Sarcodina)
Apicomplexan (Sporozoa)

32
Q

What are multicellular parasites?

A

parasites that are acquired in microscopic form (eggs, larvae)

  • parasite acquires nutrients from host
  • grows and develops into multicellular animal
33
Q

What are the types of multicellular parasites?

A

Helminthes (two types)

Roundworms (nematodes)
-hookworm enters thru foot, then bloodstream, then digestive tract

Flatworms (cestodes - tapeworm, trematode - fluke)
-ingested as eggs or larvae

34
Q

Which microbe reproduces by budding?

A

yeast

35
Q

Which microbial structure is most functionally similar to a protozoan cyst?

A

Bacterial endospore

BIO 246: Microbiology of Human Disease (22 decks)

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