Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 246: Microbiology of Human Disease > CH 12: Innate Immunity > Flashcards

CH 12: Innate Immunity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three lines of defense against pathogens?

A

1st Line: Barrier
2nd Line: Innate Immunity
3rd Line: Adaptive Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

natural barriers

  • physical
  • mechanical
  • chemical
  • biological
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do physical barriers do? What are the types?

A

Prevent access to host

Epithelial Tissues are Physical Barriers

  • Epidermis
  • Mucosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do mechanical barriers do? What are the types?

A

Used to expel microbes and prevent colonization

Movement (Blink, cry, sneeze, cough)

cilia & mucus flow protects the respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do chemical barriers do? What are the types?

A

Create an inhospitable environment for growth

Acidity in stomach, skin, vagina, urethra

Hypertonicity
- salt of sweat kills bacterial cells

Lysozyme
- enzyme degrades peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do biological barriers do? What are the types?

A

Limit growth by competition

normal flora bacteria

  • skin
  • oral & upper respiratory
  • gastrointestinal
  • vaginal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

All the following are mechanical barriers EXCEPT:

blinking
sneezing
stomach acid
urination
mucus flow
A

Stomach Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which barrier defense is compromised in a 3-month old that develops infant botulism from eating raw honey?

biological
chemical
mechanical
physical

A

biological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the different elements of immunity?

A

surveillance
- leukocytes circulate and look for pathogen/infection

recognition
- Leukocytes have receptors to recognize harmful vs. nonharmful and self vs. nonself

elimination
- Effector leukocytes attack and destroy harmful, nonself microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the circulatory pathways in the body?

A

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are all blood cells produced? What are the types?

A

All blood cells are produced from stem cells in red bone marrow

erythrocytes (RBCs) transport blood gases

thrombocytes (platelets) limit blood loss during injury

leukocytes (WBCs) fight infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

the process of creating new blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the LEUKOCYTES in circulation?

A

granulocytes

  • lobed nucleus, large cytoplasmic granules
  • INNATE IMMUNITY– neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

agranulocytes

  • rounded nucleus, very small granules
  • INNATE IMMUNITY – monocytes
  • ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY – lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

early responder to inflammation

leave blood and enter tissues to eliminate microbes by phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

release chemical mediators of inflammation

attach to and destroy eukaryotic parasites that are too big to phagocytose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are basophils?

A

very few in circulation

release chemical mediators of inflammation
e.g. histamine causes vasodilation and increases vascular permeability

mast cells are similar to basophils but play a more important role; they are more abundant and localized to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

adaptive immunity (more in Ch. 13)

  • B cells & plasma cells
  • helper T cells
  • cytotoxic T cells
  • natural killer (NK) cells (innate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are monocytes?

A

secondary responder to inflammation

  • monocytes leave blood and become macrophages in
  • tissues; phagocytosis

many are resident in tissues
- dendritic cells (DC) present antigens and activate T cell responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which immune cells are phagocytic (select all correct answers)?

Mast cell
Neutrophil
B lymphocyte
Macrophage
Basophil
A

Neutrophil and Macrophage

20
Q

Which anti-parasite granulocyte has a bilobed nucleus (see image)?

erythorcyte
eosinophil
megakaryocyte
monocyte
dendritic cell
A

Eosinophil

21
Q

What is the Second Line of Defense?

A

Innate Immunity

inflammation
fever
phagocytosis
antimicrobial proteins

22
Q

What is inflammation?

A

mast cells release histamine in response to infection and injury

  • vasodilation
  • vascular permeability
23
Q

In the inflammatory response, what is injury and the immediate reactions?

A

Injury occurs and bacteria is in the wound

Mast Cells release histamine

Vasoconstriction limits blood loss

24
Q

What occurs after injury and immediate reactions in the inflammatory response?

A

Leukocyte Recruitment

CHEMOTAXIS
- Neutrophils are attracted by chemokines released during infection

DIAPEDESIS
- Neutrophils change shape to leave the blood vessel and enter tissue space

25
Q

What occurs after leukocyte recruitment in the inflammatory response?

A

Clot from platelets and coagulation

Neutrophil early responders

Vasodilation increases blood flow recruitment of immune cells

26
Q

What occurs after clot and coagulation in the inflammatory response?

A

Edema and Pus formation

Scab forms

Pus forms from Neutrophils and fluid exudate

27
Q

What occurs after Edema and Pus Formation in the inflammatory response?

A

Resolution and Scar Fomation

Scar forms

Lymphocytes arrive

Macrophages (from monocytes that were in circulation) are the secondary responder

28
Q

What is Fever? What does it do?

A

pyrogens increase body temperature via the hypothalamus
- microbial products (e.g. LPS) stimulate leukocytes to produce fever-stimulating cytokines

inhibits microbe and viral multiplication

  • reduces nutrient availability
  • increases immune reactions
29
Q

What are PAMPs and PRRs?

A

Distinguish between harmful vs non-harmful

innate immune cells recognize microbes (harmful) and produce inflammatory cytokines to signal other immune cells

PAMP = pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PRR = pathogen-recognition receptor

30
Q

What is the first step of phagocytosis?

A

adherence

microbial PAMPs attract phagocytes by chemotaxis

phagocyte PRRs recognize and bind to PAMPs

opsonization
- host proteins (C3b or IgG antibody) bind to and coat the surface of microbes to increase their adherence to phagocytes

31
Q

What is the second step of phagocytosis?

A

ingestion of pathogen to create a phagosome

32
Q

What is the third and fourth step of phagocytosis?

A

digestion by lysosomes

  • lysozyme
  • hydrolytic enzymes
  • acidic pH

exocytosis

33
Q

Which immune cell releases histamine to trigger the inflammatory response?

Natural killer cell
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
A

MAST Cell

34
Q

Which conserved molecules of microbes are recognized by the host and help stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis?

antibiotics
antibodies
PAMPs
PRRs
interferons
A

PAMPs

35
Q

What are the antimicrobial proteins of the host?

A

interferons (anti-viral)

complement (anti-bacterial)

iron-binding proteins (anti-cellular microbes)

antimicrobial peptides (anti-cellular microbes)

36
Q

What are interferons?

A

signaling molecules that induce antiviral response in nearby host cells
- nearby cell produces digestive enzymes that degrade virus and inhibit multiplication

37
Q

What is complement?

A

group of host proteins that are activated against various microbes, especially bacteria

opsonization
inflammation
neutrophil recruitmennt
cell lysis

38
Q

What are the possible pathways for complement INITIATION?

A

host protein binds to bacterial surface and INITIATES complement cascade

Classical Pathway
- C1q binds to antibodies that are bound to bacterial surface antigens

Lectin Pathway
- lectin binds to bacterial carbohydrates

Spontaneous Pathway
- C3b/factorB binds directly to bacterial surface

39
Q

What is the complement CASCADE?

A

complement cascade (one enzymatic reaction leads to the next)

C3 convertase
C3 → C3a & C3b

C5 convertase
C5 → C5a & C5b

40
Q

What is the complement AMPLIFICATION?

A

increases the amount of C3b via the alternative pathway (positive feedback loop)

41
Q

What is the membrane attack complex?

A

membrane-attack complex (MAC)

- polymerization of C9 in the membrane of the bacterial pathogen that lyses it

42
Q

What the steps of the complement system?

A

Initiation, Cascade, Amplification and MAC

43
Q

What are host iron-binding proteins?

A 
iron sequestration (limit iron availability)
 - transferrin, hemoglobin, lactoferrin & ferritin

bacterial receptors and siderophores steal iron from host
- limit iron availability to bacteria

44
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides?

A

insert into and destabilize prokaryotic membranes

45
Q

Which of the following is an antiviral immune factor of the host?

interferon
lysozyme
transferrin
defensin
capsule
A

Interferon

46
Q

Which complement pathway is initiated by the binding of MBL to carbohydrates on the bacterial cell surface?

alternative
classical
lectin
both A & B
all the above
A

Lectin

BIO 246: Microbiology of Human Disease (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions