Ch 38 Human Disease Caused by Viruses and Prions

Question 1

In influenza virus, antigenic shift
A. results from reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell.
B. results from the accumulation of mutations in HA and NA in a single strain of flu virus.
C. can result in major epidemics or pandemics.
D. results from reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell and can result in major epidemics or pandemics.

Answer 1

D. results from reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell and can result in major epidemics or pandemics.

Question 2

The rash associated with German measles is most likely caused by
A. the virus infecting the cells of the skin.
B. the virus infecting the cells of the dermal layer beneath the skin.
C. an immunological reaction to the virus.
D. all of the choices

Answer 2

C. an immunological reaction to the virus.

Question 3

Chickenpox is caused by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ virus. 
A. rubella
B. rubeola
C. coxsackievirus B
D. varicella

Answer 3

D. varicella

Question 4

The reactivated form of chickenpox is called 
A. rubella.
B. adenovirus.
C. herpes zoster.
D. rubeola.

Answer 4

C. herpes zoster.

Question 5

German measles is caused by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ virus. 
A. rubella
B. herpes-zoster
C. reovirus
D. coxsackievirus A

Answer 5

A. rubella

Question 6

Women of childbearing age should be vaccinated against 
A. chickenpox.
B. German measles.
C. shingles.
D. influenza A.

Answer 6

B. German measles.

Question 7

Congenital rubella syndrome usually occurs in the time frame of the 
A. first trimester of pregnancy.
B. second trimester of pregnancy.
C. third trimester of pregnancy.
D. entire pregnancy.

Answer 7

A. first trimester of pregnancy.

Question 8

With respect to orthomyxoviruses, changes in antigenicity usually occur as a result of
A. antigenic drift.
B. antigenic shift.
C. frameshift mutations.
D. both antigenic drift and antigenic shift.
E. both antigenic drift and frameshift mutations.
F. both antigenic shift and frameshift mutations.

Answer 8

D. both antigenic drift and antigenic shift.

Question 9

Antigenic variation occurs almost yearly with the influenza \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ virus. 
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D

Answer 9

A. A

Question 10

Which of the following drugs has been shown to reduce the duration and symptoms of influenza? 
A. penicillin
B. AZT
C. amantadine
D. acyclovir

Answer 10

C. amantadine

Question 11

Mumps is caused by a 
A. morbillis virus.
B. paramyxovirus.
C. adenovirus.
D. synctial virus.

Answer 11

B. paramyxovirus.

Question 12

Acute respiratory viruses cause 
A. rhinitis.
B. tonsillitis.
C. bronchitis.
D. all of the choices

Answer 12

D. all of the choices

Question 13

In those cases of pneumonia for which no cause is determined by laboratory findings, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pneumonia can be assumed if \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pneumonia has been ruled out. 
A. viral; mycoplasmal
B. bacterial; viral
C. mycoplasmal; viral
D. mycoplasmal; bacterial

Answer 13

A. viral; mycoplasmal

Question 14

A feature of smallpox not associated with its eradication from the environment is
A. it has obvious clinical features.
B. it has no known reservoir outside of humans.
C. a short period of infectivity.
D. the availability of effective antiviral agents that block replication.
E. all of the choices

Answer 14

D. the availability of effective antiviral agents that block replication.

Question 15

Koplik's spots are small red lesions with a white center that form in the mouth and are associated with 
A. mumps.
B. measles.
C. chickenpox.
D. flavivirus infection.

Answer 15

B. measles.

Question 16

Which of the following syndromes may result from infection by an arthropod-borne virus?
A. Fevers of undifferentiated type with or without a rash.
B. Encephalitis, often with a high fatality rate.
C. Hemorrhagic fevers.
D. All of the choices.

Answer 16

D. All of the choices.

Question 17

West Nile virus has been detected in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ states of the U.S. 
A. 25
B. 50
C. 49
D. 10

Answer 17

B. 50

Question 18

Diagnosis of West Nile virus infection is through detection of
A. viral growth in cell cultures.
B. by a rise in neutralizing antibody in a patient’s serum.
C. PCR analysis from saliva samples.
D. culture on artificial media.

Answer 18

B. by a rise in neutralizing antibody in a patient’s serum.

Question 19

Which of the following does not transmit the AIDS virus? 
A. semen
B. blood
C. vaginal secretions
D. mosquitoes

Answer 19

D. mosquitoes

Question 20

Colds are common because of
A. domestic animals serve as a persistent reservoir.
B. immunity once obtained is not protective.
C. a lack of effective antiviral drugs.
D. the antigenic diversity of the rhinoviruses and the lack of long lasting immunity.

Answer 20

D. the antigenic diversity of the rhinoviruses and the lack of long lasting immunity.

Question 21

Which of the following is known to activate the genital herpes virus? 
A. sunlight
B. stress
C. sexual hormones
D. all of the choices

Answer 21

D. all of the choices

Question 22

Genital herpes is associated with 
A. congenital herpes.
B. cervical cancer.
C. miscarriages.
D. all of these

Answer 22

D. all of these

Question 23

Large-scale screening of blood for the hepatitis B virus uses an assay designed to detect 
A. the Delta agent.
B. the Dane particle.
C. viral surface antigens.
D. alanine transaminase.

Answer 23

C. viral surface antigens.

Question 24

The leading reason for liver transplantation in the United States is 
A. hepatitis C.
B. hepatitis B.
C. hepatitis A.
D. hepatitis D.

Answer 24

A. hepatitis C.

Question 25

Control measures for hepatitis B include A. excluding contact with contaminated materials. B. passive immunotherapy within 7 days of exposure. C. vaccination of high-risk groups. D. all of the choices

Answer 25

D. all of the choices

Question 26

Which of the following can stimulate a reactivation of the virus that causes cold sores? A. physical stress (fever, cold winds, trauma, hormonal changes) B. emotional stress C. ultraviolet light D. all of the choices

Answer 26

D. all of the choices

Question 27

Which of the following is the typical mode of transmission for hepatitis C? A. Contaminated blood and blood products. B. Inhalation of droplets. C. Bite from body louse. D. Contaminated shellfish.

Answer 27

A. Contaminated blood and blood products.

Question 28

Which of the following drugs is (are) effective against cold sores? A. Vidarabine and acyclovir. B. Amantadine. C. AZT and ddC. D. Protease inhibitors such as ritonavir.

Answer 28

A. Vidarabine and acyclovir.

Question 29

``` Acyclovir is the drug used to treat genital herpes; it A. cures the disease. B. reduces the healing time. C. lyses the virus. D. all of the choices. ```

Answer 29

B. reduces the healing time.

Question 30

Which of the following is correct about the protease inhibitor drugs designed to treat HIV infection? A. They slow the progress of the disease. B. They cure the disease. C. They prevent entry of the virus into cells. D. They result in lysis of virus particles

Answer 30

A. They slow the progress of the disease.

Question 31

Most drugs used to slow the progress of AIDS fall into which of the following categories? A. Reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors. B. Topoisomerase inhibitors. C. RNA polymerase II inhibitors. D. Protein synthesis inhibitors.

Answer 31

A. Reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors.

Question 32

``` The main route of transmission of the poliovirus is A. body contact. B. fomites. C. food and water. D. respiratory secretions. ```

Answer 32

C. food and water.

Question 33

Infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A) is usually transmitted by A. fecal-oral contamination of food or drink. B. sexual activity. C. contaminated blood. D. inhalation of droplets.

Answer 33

A. fecal-oral contamination of food or drink.

Question 34

Acute viral gastroenteritis can be caused by the A. norovirus and the rotavirus group. B. cytomegalovirus and hepatitis E. C. the Delta agent. D. varicella zoster virus and rubeola virus.

Answer 34

A. norovirus and the rotavirus group.

Question 35

``` Acute viral gastroenteritis is the leading cause of death in A. children worldwide. B. children in the U.S. C. children in developing countries. D. children in day care centers. ```

Answer 35

C. children in developing countries.

Question 36

Prevention and control of rabies includes A. pre-exposure vaccination of dogs and cats. B. post-exposure vaccination of humans. C. pre-exposure vaccination of humans at high risk. D. all of the choices

Answer 36

D. all of the choices

Question 37

The rabies virus is transmitted to humans by A. the bite of an infected animal. B. aerosols of the virus that can be present in caves where bats roost. C. contamination of scratches with saliva from an infected animal. D. all of the choices

Answer 37

D. all of the choices

Question 38

``` Negri bodies are produced within ___________ in rabies infected humans. A. skeletal muscle B. connective tissue C. brain neurons D. bats ```

Answer 38

C. brain neurons

Question 39

``` Who of the following should be vaccinated against rabies? A. nurses B. farmers C. veterinarians D. physicians ```

Answer 39

C. veterinarians

Question 40

``` The Ebola virus causes A. encephalitis. B. pulmonary syndrome. C. hemorrhagic fever. D. lassa fever. ```

Answer 40

C. hemorrhagic fever.

Question 41

Which of the following is a disease of humans that is probably caused by a prion and was originally associated with cannibalism? A. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease. B. Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. C. kuru. D. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker and Creutzfeld-Jakob diseases. E. both Creutzfeld-Jakob disease and kuru. F. both Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease and Kuru.

Answer 41

C. kuru.

Question 42

``` Iatrogenic CJD has been transmitted by prion-contaminated by all of the following except A. human growth hormone. B. corneal grafts. C. liver transplants. D. grafts of dura mater. ```

Answer 42

C. liver transplants.