Ch 38 Human Disease Caused by Viruses and Prions Flashcards
In influenza virus, antigenic shift
A. results from reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell.
B. results from the accumulation of mutations in HA and NA in a single strain of flu virus.
C. can result in major epidemics or pandemics.
D. results from reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell and can result in major epidemics or pandemics.
D. results from reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell and can result in major epidemics or pandemics.
The rash associated with German measles is most likely caused by
A. the virus infecting the cells of the skin.
B. the virus infecting the cells of the dermal layer beneath the skin.
C. an immunological reaction to the virus.
D. all of the choices
C. an immunological reaction to the virus.
Chickenpox is caused by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ virus. A. rubella B. rubeola C. coxsackievirus B D. varicella
D. varicella
The reactivated form of chickenpox is called A. rubella. B. adenovirus. C. herpes zoster. D. rubeola.
C. herpes zoster.
German measles is caused by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ virus. A. rubella B. herpes-zoster C. reovirus D. coxsackievirus A
A. rubella
Women of childbearing age should be vaccinated against A. chickenpox. B. German measles. C. shingles. D. influenza A.
B. German measles.
Congenital rubella syndrome usually occurs in the time frame of the A. first trimester of pregnancy. B. second trimester of pregnancy. C. third trimester of pregnancy. D. entire pregnancy.
A. first trimester of pregnancy.
With respect to orthomyxoviruses, changes in antigenicity usually occur as a result of
A. antigenic drift.
B. antigenic shift.
C. frameshift mutations.
D. both antigenic drift and antigenic shift.
E. both antigenic drift and frameshift mutations.
F. both antigenic shift and frameshift mutations.
D. both antigenic drift and antigenic shift.
Antigenic variation occurs almost yearly with the influenza \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ virus. A. A B. B C. C D. D
A. A
Which of the following drugs has been shown to reduce the duration and symptoms of influenza? A. penicillin B. AZT C. amantadine D. acyclovir
C. amantadine
Mumps is caused by a A. morbillis virus. B. paramyxovirus. C. adenovirus. D. synctial virus.
B. paramyxovirus.
Acute respiratory viruses cause A. rhinitis. B. tonsillitis. C. bronchitis. D. all of the choices
D. all of the choices
In those cases of pneumonia for which no cause is determined by laboratory findings, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pneumonia can be assumed if \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pneumonia has been ruled out. A. viral; mycoplasmal B. bacterial; viral C. mycoplasmal; viral D. mycoplasmal; bacterial
A. viral; mycoplasmal
A feature of smallpox not associated with its eradication from the environment is
A. it has obvious clinical features.
B. it has no known reservoir outside of humans.
C. a short period of infectivity.
D. the availability of effective antiviral agents that block replication.
E. all of the choices
D. the availability of effective antiviral agents that block replication.
Koplik's spots are small red lesions with a white center that form in the mouth and are associated with A. mumps. B. measles. C. chickenpox. D. flavivirus infection.
B. measles.
Which of the following syndromes may result from infection by an arthropod-borne virus?
A. Fevers of undifferentiated type with or without a rash.
B. Encephalitis, often with a high fatality rate.
C. Hemorrhagic fevers.
D. All of the choices.
D. All of the choices.
West Nile virus has been detected in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ states of the U.S. A. 25 B. 50 C. 49 D. 10
B. 50
Diagnosis of West Nile virus infection is through detection of
A. viral growth in cell cultures.
B. by a rise in neutralizing antibody in a patient’s serum.
C. PCR analysis from saliva samples.
D. culture on artificial media.
B. by a rise in neutralizing antibody in a patient’s serum.
Which of the following does not transmit the AIDS virus? A. semen B. blood C. vaginal secretions D. mosquitoes
D. mosquitoes
Colds are common because of
A. domestic animals serve as a persistent reservoir.
B. immunity once obtained is not protective.
C. a lack of effective antiviral drugs.
D. the antigenic diversity of the rhinoviruses and the lack of long lasting immunity.
D. the antigenic diversity of the rhinoviruses and the lack of long lasting immunity.
Which of the following is known to activate the genital herpes virus? A. sunlight B. stress C. sexual hormones D. all of the choices
D. all of the choices
Genital herpes is associated with A. congenital herpes. B. cervical cancer. C. miscarriages. D. all of these
D. all of these
Large-scale screening of blood for the hepatitis B virus uses an assay designed to detect A. the Delta agent. B. the Dane particle. C. viral surface antigens. D. alanine transaminase.
C. viral surface antigens.
The leading reason for liver transplantation in the United States is A. hepatitis C. B. hepatitis B. C. hepatitis A. D. hepatitis D.
A. hepatitis C.
Control measures for hepatitis B include
A. excluding contact with contaminated materials.
B. passive immunotherapy within 7 days of exposure.
C. vaccination of high-risk groups.
D. all of the choices
D. all of the choices
Which of the following can stimulate a reactivation of the virus that causes cold sores?
A. physical stress (fever, cold winds, trauma, hormonal changes)
B. emotional stress
C. ultraviolet light
D. all of the choices
D. all of the choices
Which of the following is the typical mode of transmission for hepatitis C?
A. Contaminated blood and blood products.
B. Inhalation of droplets.
C. Bite from body louse.
D. Contaminated shellfish.
A. Contaminated blood and blood products.
Which of the following drugs is (are) effective against cold sores?
A. Vidarabine and acyclovir.
B. Amantadine.
C. AZT and ddC.
D. Protease inhibitors such as ritonavir.
A. Vidarabine and acyclovir.
Acyclovir is the drug used to treat genital herpes; it A. cures the disease. B. reduces the healing time. C. lyses the virus. D. all of the choices.
B. reduces the healing time.
Which of the following is correct about the protease inhibitor drugs designed to treat HIV infection?
A. They slow the progress of the disease.
B. They cure the disease.
C. They prevent entry of the virus into cells.
D. They result in lysis of virus particles
A. They slow the progress of the disease.
Most drugs used to slow the progress of AIDS fall into which of the following categories?
A. Reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors.
B. Topoisomerase inhibitors.
C. RNA polymerase II inhibitors.
D. Protein synthesis inhibitors.
A. Reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors.
The main route of transmission of the poliovirus is A. body contact. B. fomites. C. food and water. D. respiratory secretions.
C. food and water.
Infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A) is usually transmitted by
A. fecal-oral contamination of food or drink.
B. sexual activity.
C. contaminated blood.
D. inhalation of droplets.
A. fecal-oral contamination of food or drink.
Acute viral gastroenteritis can be caused by the
A. norovirus and the rotavirus group.
B. cytomegalovirus and hepatitis E.
C. the Delta agent.
D. varicella zoster virus and rubeola virus.
A. norovirus and the rotavirus group.
Acute viral gastroenteritis is the leading cause of death in A. children worldwide. B. children in the U.S. C. children in developing countries. D. children in day care centers.
C. children in developing countries.
Prevention and control of rabies includes
A. pre-exposure vaccination of dogs and cats.
B. post-exposure vaccination of humans.
C. pre-exposure vaccination of humans at high risk.
D. all of the choices
D. all of the choices
The rabies virus is transmitted to humans by
A. the bite of an infected animal.
B. aerosols of the virus that can be present in caves where bats roost.
C. contamination of scratches with saliva from an infected animal.
D. all of the choices
D. all of the choices
Negri bodies are produced within \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in rabies infected humans. A. skeletal muscle B. connective tissue C. brain neurons D. bats
C. brain neurons
Who of the following should be vaccinated against rabies? A. nurses B. farmers C. veterinarians D. physicians
C. veterinarians
The Ebola virus causes A. encephalitis. B. pulmonary syndrome. C. hemorrhagic fever. D. lassa fever.
C. hemorrhagic fever.
Which of the following is a disease of humans that is probably caused by a prion and was originally associated with cannibalism?
A. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease.
B. Creutzfeld-Jakob disease.
C. kuru.
D. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker and Creutzfeld-Jakob diseases.
E. both Creutzfeld-Jakob disease and kuru.
F. both Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease and Kuru.
C. kuru.
Iatrogenic CJD has been transmitted by prion-contaminated by all of the following except A. human growth hormone. B. corneal grafts. C. liver transplants. D. grafts of dura mater.
C. liver transplants.
