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precision nutrition > Ch:3 Energy Transformation & Metabolism > Flashcards

Ch:3 Energy Transformation & Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Law of Thermodynamics

A

Principes that govern energy exchange, including heat exchange and the performance of work.

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2
Q

Energy Transfer

A

Movement of ATP from one compound to another so that it can be used.

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3
Q

Hepatocyte

A

Liver cell.

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4
Q

Myocyte

A

Muscle cell.

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5
Q

Adipocyte

A

Fat cell.

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6
Q

ATP/PCr System

A

Composed of ATP and phosphocreatine, this system replenishes oxygen rapidly without the use of oxygen.

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7
Q

Creatine Kinase

A

Isoenzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that catalyzes the formation of ATP; higher after tissue injury.

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8
Q

Creatine

A

Nitrogenous substance, derived from arginine, glycine, and methionine, found in muscle tissue.

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9
Q

Phosphocreatine (PCR)

A

Compound of creatine (Cr) and phosphoric acid (P) found in muscle.

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10
Q

Glycolytic System

A

Process of breaking down glucose for energy; can be fast or slow.

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11
Q

Pyruvate

A

Salt of pyretic acid; the end product of glycolysis.

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12
Q

NADH

A

Reduced form of NAD; used to transfer electrons.

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13
Q

Hydrogen Ion

A

The cation of acids; consists of a hydrogen atom whose electron has been transferred to the anion of the acid.

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14
Q

NAD+

A

Co-enzyme of dehydrogenates; plays a role in intermediary metabolism as an oxidizing agent or reducing agent for metabolites.

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15
Q

Lactic Acid

A

An organic byproduct of anaerobic metabolism derived from pyruvic acid; can be used as an energy source for cells.

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16
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

The phosphorylation of ATP coupled to the electron transport system.

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17
Q

Muscle Acidity

A

An acidic environment created when the pH level of muscle cells fall below 7.

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18
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

A major metabolic pathway that involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert pyretic acid from food to acetyl-CoA for energy.

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19
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Set of compounds that transfers electrons to a donor that creates energy.

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20
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A

Co-enzyme that plays a role in intermediary metabolism; can enter the Krebs cycle to produce energy and be used for fatty acid synthesis.

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21
Q

Beta Oxidation

A

Breakdown of fatty acids that takes place in the mitochondria and peroxisomes.

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22
Q

FAD+

A

Riboflavin-derived hydrogen acceptor in the Krebs cycle.

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23
Q

FADH2

A

The reduced form of FAD+.

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24
Q

Cytochrome

A

Protein found in mitochondria (inner membrane) that transports electrons.

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25
Q

Proton

A

Particle with a positive charge, usually regarded as a hydrogen ion; when the proton gradient shifts in the electron transport chain, energy conversion occurs.

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26
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Synthesis of glycogen.

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27
Q

Glucose 6-Phosphate

A

Phosphorylated form of glucose that won’t diffuse out of a cell.

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28
Q

Glycogen Sythase

A

Enzyme necessary for the conversion of excess glucose into stored glycogen.

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29
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone and neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline.

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30
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Hormone and neurotransmitter; also known as noradrenaline.

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31
Q

Glycogen Phosphorylase

A

Enzyme necessary for glycogenolysis; breaks glycogen into glucose units.

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32
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose.

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33
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone secreted by the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels.

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34
Q

a-cells

A

Endocrine cells of the pancreas that secrete glucagon.

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35
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Central part of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine.

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36
Q

Glycolysis

A

Series of reactions in the cytosol that converts glucose into pyretic acid and ultimately ATP.

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37
Q

Anaerobic Threshold

A

The point at which lactic acid begins to accumulate tin the bloodstream.

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38
Q

Oxaloacetate

A

Intermediate that couples with acetyl-CoA to form citrate.

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39
Q

Fat Adapation

A

A higher capacity to oxidize fat.

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40
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid component of blood that suspends blood cells; contains water, glucose, proteins and hormones.

41
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Conversion of non-carbohydrate compounds (i.e., amino acids, pyruvate, glycerol) to glucose.

42
Q

Cori Cycle

A

Use of lactate produced in the muscles by the liver for the production of glucose.

43
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Fat tissue.

44
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.

45
Q

Hormone Sensitive Lipase

A

Enzyme of the cytosol that frees fatty acids and glycerol.

46
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Anabolic hormone that causes growth and cell reproduction; also known as somatotropin.

47
Q

Aerobic

A

With oxygen present.

48
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen present.

49
Q

Monoglycerides

A

A glycerol with one fatty acid chain.

50
Q

Diglyceride

A

A glycerol with two fatty acid chains.

51
Q

Fatty Acid Synthase System

A

System of enzymes involved in the synthesis of fatty acids.

52
Q

Elongation

A

Addition of carbons on a fatty acid chain.

53
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid with no double bonds in the chain.

54
Q

Desaturation

A

Removal of hydrogen atom(s) to form a double bond.

55
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

A

A single double bond in the fatty acid chain.

56
Q

Very Low Density Lipoprotein Particles (VLDL)

A

Particles used in lipid transport; assembled in the liver by cholesterol and apolipoproteins, converted to LDL.

57
Q

Lipogenic Enzyme

A

Enzyme involved with the synthesis of fat

58
Q

Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA)

A

Unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid, see linolenic acid.

59
Q

Omega-3

A

Family of unsaturated fatty acids characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond three spaces in from the methyl end.

60
Q

Linolenic Acid

A

Unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid considered essential to the human diet.

61
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid with multiple double bonds in the chain.

62
Q

Chylomicron

A

A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglyceride from the small intestines to tissues of the body.

63
Q

LIpoprotein

A

A class of proteins with hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol surrounded by hydrophilic phopholipids, apolipoproteins and bodily structures.

64
Q

Cholesterol

A

Lipid/sterol contained in the body’s cells and fluids that acts as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures.

65
Q

Statin Drugs

A

Pharmaceutical agents that decrease cholesterol production within the body via downregulation of HMG-CoA reductase.

66
Q

Apolipoprotein

A

Lipid binding protein that is part of lipoprotein.

67
Q

Elongation

A

Addition of carbons on a fatty acid chain.

68
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid with no double bonds in the chain.

69
Q

Desaturation

A

Removal of hydrogen atom(s) to form a double bond.

70
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

A

A single double bond in the fatty acid chain.

71
Q

Very Low Density Lipoprotein Particles (VLDL)

A

Particles used in lipid transport; assembled in the liver by cholesterol and apolipoproteins, converted to LDL.

72
Q

Lipogenic Enzyme

A

Enzyme involved with the synthesis of fat

73
Q

Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA)

A

Unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid, see linolenic acid.

74
Q

Omega-3

A

Family of unsaturated fatty acids characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond three spaces in from the methyl end.

75
Q

Linolenic Acid

A

Unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid considered essential to the human diet.

76
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid with multiple double bonds in the chain.

77
Q

Chylomicron

A

A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglyceride from the small intestines to tissues of the body.

78
Q

LIpoprotein

A

A class of proteins with hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol surrounded by hydrophilic phopholipids, apolipoproteins and bodily structures.

79
Q

Cholesterol

A

Lipid/sterol contained in the body’s cells and fluids that acts as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures.

80
Q

Statin Drugs

A

Pharmaceutical agents that decrease cholesterol production within the body via downregulation of HMG-CoA reductase.

81
Q

Apolipoprotein

A

Lipid binding protein that is part of lipoprotein.

82
Q

LDL Cholesterol

A

A lipoprotein that transports triglyceride and cholesterol from the liver to body tissues.

83
Q

HDL Cholesterol

A

A lipoprotein that transports fatty acids and cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver.

84
Q

Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT)

A

An enzyme that is used to convert cholesterol to a transportable form for lipoproteins.

85
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Development of plaque in the lumen (interior space) of blood vessels.

86
Q

Plasma Pool of Amino Acids

A

Reserve of amino acids found in blood plasma.

87
Q

Peptide Chain

A

Short polymer formed from linking amino acids.

88
Q

Deamination

A

Removal of an amine group from a compound.

89
Q

Branched Chain Amino Acid (BCAA)

A

Amino acid with aliphatic side chain that is non-linear.

90
Q

Carbon Skeleton

A

Chains, branches, or rings of carbon atoms that form organic molecules.

91
Q

Amine

A

One of a group of organic nitrogen compounds.

92
Q

Ammonia

A

Also known as NH3, a very basic end product of protein metabolism.

93
Q

Urea Cycle

A

Cycle that takes place in the liver and created urea rom ammonia and carbon dioxide.

94
Q

Urea

A

Water-soluble final nitrogenous excretion product synthesized from ammonia and carbon dioxide, found in urine.

95
Q

a-Ketoacide

A

An organic acid congaing a functional keton group and a carboxylic acid.

96
Q

Transamination

A

The transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to an alpha-keto acid.

97
Q

Protein Turnover

A

Balance between protein synthesis and breakdown.

98
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

(Re)building of proteins.

99
Q

Protein Breakdown

A

Degradation of proteins.

precision nutrition (12 decks)

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