Ch:3 Energy Transformation & Metabolism Flashcards
Law of Thermodynamics
Principes that govern energy exchange, including heat exchange and the performance of work.
Energy Transfer
Movement of ATP from one compound to another so that it can be used.
Hepatocyte
Liver cell.
Myocyte
Muscle cell.
Adipocyte
Fat cell.
ATP/PCr System
Composed of ATP and phosphocreatine, this system replenishes oxygen rapidly without the use of oxygen.
Creatine Kinase
Isoenzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that catalyzes the formation of ATP; higher after tissue injury.
Creatine
Nitrogenous substance, derived from arginine, glycine, and methionine, found in muscle tissue.
Phosphocreatine (PCR)
Compound of creatine (Cr) and phosphoric acid (P) found in muscle.
Glycolytic System
Process of breaking down glucose for energy; can be fast or slow.
Pyruvate
Salt of pyretic acid; the end product of glycolysis.
NADH
Reduced form of NAD; used to transfer electrons.
Hydrogen Ion
The cation of acids; consists of a hydrogen atom whose electron has been transferred to the anion of the acid.
NAD+
Co-enzyme of dehydrogenates; plays a role in intermediary metabolism as an oxidizing agent or reducing agent for metabolites.
Lactic Acid
An organic byproduct of anaerobic metabolism derived from pyruvic acid; can be used as an energy source for cells.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The phosphorylation of ATP coupled to the electron transport system.
Muscle Acidity
An acidic environment created when the pH level of muscle cells fall below 7.
Krebs Cycle
A major metabolic pathway that involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert pyretic acid from food to acetyl-CoA for energy.
Electron Transport Chain
Set of compounds that transfers electrons to a donor that creates energy.
Acetyl-CoA
Co-enzyme that plays a role in intermediary metabolism; can enter the Krebs cycle to produce energy and be used for fatty acid synthesis.
Beta Oxidation
Breakdown of fatty acids that takes place in the mitochondria and peroxisomes.
FAD+
Riboflavin-derived hydrogen acceptor in the Krebs cycle.
FADH2
The reduced form of FAD+.
Cytochrome
Protein found in mitochondria (inner membrane) that transports electrons.
Proton
Particle with a positive charge, usually regarded as a hydrogen ion; when the proton gradient shifts in the electron transport chain, energy conversion occurs.
Glycogenesis
Synthesis of glycogen.
Glucose 6-Phosphate
Phosphorylated form of glucose that won’t diffuse out of a cell.
Glycogen Sythase
Enzyme necessary for the conversion of excess glucose into stored glycogen.
Epinephrine
Hormone and neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline.
Norepinephrine
Hormone and neurotransmitter; also known as noradrenaline.
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Enzyme necessary for glycogenolysis; breaks glycogen into glucose units.
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose.
Glucagon
Hormone secreted by the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels.
a-cells
Endocrine cells of the pancreas that secrete glucagon.
Adrenal Medulla
Central part of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine.
Glycolysis
Series of reactions in the cytosol that converts glucose into pyretic acid and ultimately ATP.
Anaerobic Threshold
The point at which lactic acid begins to accumulate tin the bloodstream.
Oxaloacetate
Intermediate that couples with acetyl-CoA to form citrate.
Fat Adapation
A higher capacity to oxidize fat.