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Human Anatomy > Ch 23. Digestive System, Part 1-GI Tract > Flashcards

Ch 23. Digestive System, Part 1-GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

GI Tract contains:

A

Esophagus, large intestine, oral cavity, pharynx, small intestinve & stomach

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2
Q

Accessory organs contain:

A

Gallbaldder, Liver, Pancreas & Salivary glands

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3
Q

Physically preparing food for digestion; includes chewing, churning food in stomach, and segmentation in the intestines, & Occurs primarily in the mouth, stomach and intestines.,

A

Mechanical digestion

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4
Q

Taking food into the mouth &Normally occurs only in the mouth

A

Ingestion

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5
Q

Movement of food through the alimentary canal & Occurs throughout the alimentary canal.

A

Propulsion

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6
Q

Transport of digested end products from the lumen of the alimentary canal into the blood and lymph capillaries, Occurs mainly in the small intestine, although some occurs in the stomach and large intestine

A

Absorption

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7
Q

Series of steps in which complex food molecules are broken down to their chemical building blocks in enzyme catalyzed reactions & Occurs in the mouth and stomach, but the duodenum is the most important site

A

Chemical digestion

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8
Q

Elimination of indigestible substances from the body as feces, & Occurs at the anus

A

Defecation

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9
Q

What term is used for the alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls, which propels food through the GI tract?

A

Peristalsis

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10
Q

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum

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11
Q

Covers the surface of abdominal organs.

A

Visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

Lines the inner wall of the abdominal cavity

A

Parietal peritoneum

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13
Q

Located between the two layers of the peritoneum

A

Peritoneal cavity

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14
Q

An “apron” of peritoneum that drapes down from the greater curvature of the stomach over the intestines, then rises to attach to the transverse colon.

A

Greater omentum

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15
Q

Extends from the underside of the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach.

A

Lesser omentum

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16
Q

Attaches anterior surface of liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.

A

Falciform ligament

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17
Q

Anchors the sigmoid colon to the posterior pelvic wall.

A

Sigmoid mesocolon

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18
Q

Anchors the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall.

A

Transverse mesocolon

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19
Q

A sheet of peritoneum that connects the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall.

A

Mesentery proper

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20
Q

Secondarily retroperitoneal:

A

Ascending colon, desecending colon, pancreas, duodenum, and rectum

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21
Q

Layer of connective tissue containing major blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers.

A

Submucosa

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22
Q

Contains a lining epithelium, a lamina propria, and a muscularis mucosae.

A

Mucosa

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23
Q

A layer of visceral peritoneum on the surface of the organ.

A

Serosa

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24
Q

Generally consists of a circular layer and a longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.

A

Muscularis externa

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25
Q

Contains the submucosal nerve plexus.

A

Submucosa

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26
Q

Contains the myenteric nerve plexus.

A

Muscularis externa

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27
Q

List the four layers in the correct order from innermost to outermost.

A

Mucusoa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa & Serosa

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28
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the alimentary canal?

A

Nasopharynx

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29
Q

The opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx is called the:

A

Fauces

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30
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the lower portions of the pharynx and the esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous

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31
Q

What type of muscle is in the walls of the pharynx and upper esophagus?

A

skeletal muscle

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32
Q

What type of muscle is in the walls of the pharynx and upper esophagus?

A

smoothe muscle & skeletal muscle

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33
Q

What type of muscle is in the walls of the lower esophagus?

A

smoothe muscle

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34
Q

The esophagus passes:

A

posterior to both the trachea and heart

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35
Q

What valve is located at the lower end of the esophagus where it enters the stomach?

A

Cardiac sphincter

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36
Q

Region above and to the left of where the esophagus enters the stomach.

A

Fundus

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37
Q

Region that leads to the duodenum.

A

Pyloric region

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38
Q

Large, central portion of the stomach.

A

body

39
Q

Region surrounding the entry point of the esophagus.

A

Cardia

40
Q

Right side of stomach.

A

Lesser curvature

41
Q

Left side of stomach.

A

Greater curvature

42
Q

Folds in the wall of the stomach lining.

A

Rugae

43
Q

Valve between the stomach and duodenum.

A

Pyloric sphincter

44
Q

Hormone-secreting cells scattered throughout the epithelial layer that release gastrin.

A

Enteroendocrine cells

45
Q

Gastric gland cells that secrete pepsinogen.

A

Chief (zymogenic) cells

46
Q

Mucus-secreting cells in the upper ends of the gastric glands.

A

Mucous neck cells

47
Q

Cells that divide to replace the epithelial lining of the stomach every 3-7 days.

A

Undifferentiated stem cells

48
Q

Cells that produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.

A

Parietal cells

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

A

absorption of carbohydrates

50
Q

What type of epithelium lines the stomach?

A

simple columnar

51
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor?

A

needed for absorption of vitamin B12

52
Q

Which feature of the stomach wall helps protect it against gastric acid?

A

a thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus covering the lining

53
Q

How is the muscularis externa of the stomach different from that in other parts of the GI tract?

A

It has three layers, including an extra oblique layer internal to the other two.

54
Q

Duodenum:

A

Pyloric sphincter, hepatopancreatic ampulla, glands that secrete alkaline mucus & secondarily retroperitoneal

55
Q

Jejunum:

A

Forms superior left portion

56
Q

Ileum:

A

Peyer’s patches, forms inferior right portion, & joins to first part of large intestine

57
Q

Cells that secrete mucus to protect the intestinal lining.

A

Goblet cells

58
Q

Cells specialized to take up nutrients from the lumen and make chylomicrons.

A

Absorptive cells

59
Q

Glands that secrete an alkaline mucus to neutralize acid in the incoming chyme.

A

Duodenal glands

60
Q

Transverse ridges of the mucosa and submucosa; also called plicae circulares.

A

Circular folds

61
Q

Long, fingerlike projections of the mucosa.

A

Villi

62
Q

Projections of the cell membrane on the apical surface of absorptive cells

A

Microvilli

63
Q

A specialized lymph capillary that pick up fats absorbed by the intestine.

A

Lacteal

64
Q

Clusters of lymphoid tissue found in the distal part of the small intestine.

A

Peyer’s patches

65
Q

Tubular indentations of the mucosa whose cells secrete intestinal juice.

A

Intestinal crypts

66
Q

A bulb in the wall of the duodenum which carries secretions from the liver and pancreas

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

67
Q

Which three structures help increase the total surface area for absorption?

A

circular folds, villi & microvilli

68
Q

What type of epithelium is found lining the small intestines?

A

simple columnar

69
Q

Which structure is found only in the duodenum?

A

duodenal glands

70
Q

The last part of the small intestines joins with the large intestine at a structure called the:

A

ileocecal valve

71
Q

Which cells of the small intestinal wall are responsible for hormone secretion?

A

enteroendocrine cells

72
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the large intestine?

A

secretion of digestive enzymes

73
Q

The three bands of outer longitudinal muscle that run the length of the colon are the:

A

teniae coli

74
Q

The portion of the large intestine that travels vertically along the left abdominal wall.

A

Descending colon

75
Q

The portion of the large intestine that travels vertically along the right abdominal wall.

A

Ascending colon

76
Q

The portion of the large intestine that travels horizontally from the area of the liver to the spleen.

A

Transverse colon

77
Q

The portion of the large intestine that makes an S-shaped curve to enter the pelvis.

A

Sigmoid colon

78
Q

A blind pouch that hangs below the ileocecal valve.

A

Cecum

79
Q

A tubelike extension from the medial cecum that contains much lymphoid tissue in its walls.

A

Vermiform appendix

80
Q

The portion of the large intestine distal to the sigmoid colon that lies anterior to the sacrum.

A

Rectum

81
Q

The bend that occurs where the ascending colon and transverse colon meet.

A

Hepatic flexure

82
Q

The bend that occurs where the transverse colon and descending colon meet.

A

Splenic flexure

83
Q

The external opening at the distal end of the GI tract.

A

Anus

84
Q

The last 3 cm of the GI tract that lies external to the abdominopelvic cavity in the perineum.

A

Anal canal

85
Q

Considering only the structures listed below, which would fecal matter pass through third as it travels along the GI tract?

A

descending colon

86
Q

Which of the following is under voluntary control?

A

external anal sphincter

87
Q

In which organ of the GI tract does most chemical digestion and absorption occur?

A

small intestine

88
Q

Erosions in the stomach mucosa now know to be caused by Helicobacter pylori infection.

A

Peptic ulcers

89
Q

Acute inflammation of the appendix.

A

Appendicitis

90
Q

Inflammation and infection of the serous membranes of the abdominal cavity.

A

Peritonitis

91
Q

Infection and perforation of small outward herniations of the mucosa through the colon wall.

A

Diverticulitis

92
Q

Condition in which gastric juices are regurgitated into the esophagus causing damage to the wall.

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

93
Q

Condition in which the top of the stomach pushes through the hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes and into the thorax.

A

Hiatal hernia

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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