Ch 22 Respiratory System Flashcards
Gas exchange between the blood and air in the lung alveoli.
External respiration
Gas exchange between the blood and the tissue cells.
Internal respiration
Carrying of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and cells of the body through the blood.
Transport of respiratory gases
Movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Pulmonary ventilation
Which two processes occur solely in organs of the respiratory system?
Pulmonary ventilation, and External respiration
Air-filled cavities located in the bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
Paranasal sinuses
Three scroll-like ridges that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
Nasal conchae
The space immediately posterior to the external nose that is lined with respiratory mucosa.
Nasal cavity
The only externally visible part of the respiratory system.
External nose
The opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx.
Posterior nasal aperture
Also called the nostril.
External nares
Separates the two nasal fossae.
Nasal septum
The posterior portion of the floor of the nasal cavity composed of smooth muscle covered by mucosa.
Soft palate
The more anterior portion of the floor of the nasal cavity made up of portions of the palatine bone and maxilla
Hard palate
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nose?
site for gaseous exchange of oxygen
What is the main function of the mucus secreted by the glands of the respiratory mucosa?
traps inspired dust, bacteria, etc
Which of the following is NOT true of the paranasal sinuses?
Located in the ethmoid, sphenoid, mandibular and zygomatic bones.
Nasopharynx:
Pharyngeal tonsil, posterior nasal apertures, and opening of pharyngotympanic tube
Oropharnx:
Lingual tonsil, palatine tonsil, and fauces
Laryngopharynx:
Epiglottis and esophagus
The largest laryngeal cartilage; forms most of the front and sides of the larynx.
Thyroid cartilage
The anterior protrusion of the thyroid cartilage; also called the Adam’s apple.
Laryngeal prominence
The most inferior laryngeal cartilage; shaped like a signet ring.
Cricoid cartilage
A leaf-shaped cartilage that closes to prevent food and fluid from entering the larynx.
Epiglottis
The “true vocal cords” that are responsible for sound production.
Vocal folds
The most superior pair of mucosal folds in the larynx; also called the false vocal cords.
Vestibular folds
The medial opening between the left and right vocal folds.
Rima glottidis
The area composed of the vocal folds and the medial opening between them.
Glottis
Cartilages to which the vocal folds attach posteriorly.
Arytenoid cartilage
Three pairs of cartilages located in the posterior part of the larynx.
Arytenoid cartilage, coriculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilage
Which laryngeal cartilage is composed of elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage?
Epiglottis
The larynx does all of the following EXCEPT:
transports food to the esophagus
Contraction of the abdominal muscles and closure of the glottis to increase intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure (as during defecation) is called:
Valsalva’s maneuver
The larynx is innervated by which nerves?
Vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerves
Because of the pathway followed by the recurrent laryngeal nerves, hoarseness or loss of speech can occur during surgery on what area?
Aortic arch
Tube located anterior to esophagus, whose wall contains 16-20 C-shaped cartilages.
Trachea
The smooth muscle in the posterior wall of the trachea that can decrease the diameter during sneezing and coughing.
Trachealis muscle
Ridge in the last tracheal cartilage that marks the point where the trachea branches.
Carina
Structures that branch from the inferior end of the trachea; also called main bronchi.
Secondary bronchi
Tubes that carry air to and from each lung segment; also called segmental bronchi.
Tertiary bronchi
Air passageways in the lungs smaller than 1 mm in diameter.
Bronchioles
The smallest bronchioles of the conducting zone, which have a diameter less than 0.5 mm.
Terminal bronchioles
Tubes that branch from the terminal bronchioles; first part of the respiratory zone.
Respiratory bronchioles
Straight ducts whose walls consist almost entirely of alveoli.
Alveolar ducts
A cluster of alveoli.
Alveolar sacs
An individual air-filled pouch in the lung tissue.
Alveoli
The cells that form the single layer of squamous epithelium which is the wall of an alveoli.
Type I cells
The cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete surfactant.
Type II cells
Free moving cells that remove tiny inhaled particles from the alveoli; also called dust cells
Alveolar marophages
Gaseous exchange occurs in all of the following structures EXCEPT:
Terminal bronchioles
Which statement is FALSE concerning the trachea:
lined with stratified squamous epithelium
What type of tissue makes up the walls of the trachea and bronchi?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Beginning at the trachea, arrange these structures in the order that they would be passed through by inhaled air: 1) alveolar duct; 2) respiratory bronchiole; 3) primary bronchus; 4) terminal bronchiole; 5) tertiary bronchus.
primary, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, and alveolar duct
Which primary bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical?
Right
Which statement is FALSE concerning alveoli?
oxygen mainly diffuses from the blood into the alveoli
Which of the following statements is FALSE about the wall structure of the bronchial tree?
The small bronchioles have numerous cilia and mucus-producing cells.
The respiratory membrane:
is the membrane in the lungs where external respiration occurs, and consists of the alveolar epithelium, fused basal lamina, and capillary endothelium.
Which chemical coats the inner surface of alveoli to decrease surface tension?
Surfactant
What condition occurs in babies who are born two or more months prematurely, before their lungs start making surfactant?
respiratory distress syndrome
The serous membrane that covers the surface of the lung
Visceral pleura
The serous membrane that covers the internal surface of the thoracic wall.
Parietal pleura
The potential space around the lungs filled with pleural fluid.
Pleural cavity
The area between the two lungs where the heart is located.
Mediastinum
The blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessels and nerves that attach the lung to the mediastinum.
Root of the lung
The rounded superior tip of each lung.
Apex
The concave inferior surface of each lung that rests on the diaphragm.
Base
The indentation on the medial surface where tubes and vessels enter and leave the lung.
Hilus
Right lung only:
three lobes, middle lobe, horizontal fissure
Left lung only:
two lobes, cardiac notch
Both lungs:
Segmental bronchi, superior and inferior lobes, Oblique fissure
Which lung tends to be smaller because of the position of the heart?
Left
Inspiration occurs when which muscles contract?
Diaphram and external intercoastals
What causes quiet expiration?
elastic recoil of the lungs
Which part of the brain is responsible for setting the baseline ventilatory rate?
medulla oblongata
An inflammation of the membrane around the lungs.
Pleurisy
Collapse of the lung or failure of the lungs to inflate (as in premature infants).
Atelectasis
Air in the pleural cavity.
Pneumothorax
An infectious inflammation of the lungs in which fluid accumulates in the alveoli.
Pneumonia
A category of disorders in which the flow of air into and out of the lungs is difficult or obstructed.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Permanent enlargement of the alveoli caused by deterioration of the alveolar walls; most often associated with smoking-related chronic inflammation of the lungs.
Obstructive emphysema
Condition in which inhaled irritants lead to a prolonged secretion of mucus by the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages, and to inflammation and fibrosis of this mucosa.
Chronic bronchitis
An inherited disease in which the functions of the exocrine glands are disrupted throughout the body; causes oversecretion of viscous mucus by the bronchial glands.
Cystic fibrosis
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
Rhinitis
A nosebleed.
Epistaxis
A type of allergic inflammation of the respiratory passageways that occurs in people who are hypersensitive to irritants in the air or to stress
Bronchial asthma
