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Human Anatomy > Ch 17 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch 17 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The main effects of the endocrine system are on:

A

growth and metabolism

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2
Q

The only organs in the body that secrete hormones are the endocrine glands.

A

False, the pancrease also secretes hormone

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3
Q

Unlike exocrine glands, endocrine glands:

A

are ductless

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4
Q

The two chemical classes of hormones are:

A

amino-acid based and steroids

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5
Q

Which type of hormone is derived from cholesterol?

A

steroids

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6
Q

Hormones reach their target cells by traveling through:

A

the blood

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7
Q

A hormone affects any cell that has:

A

its receptors

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8
Q

Nervous stimulation of a gland controls secretion of a hormone.

A

Nerual

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9
Q

The concentration of a substance in the blood controls release of a hormone.

A

Humoral

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10
Q

One hormone stimulates release of a second hormone.

A

Hormonal

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11
Q

Mechanism used to control release of parathyroid hormone.

A

Humoral

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12
Q

Mechanism used to control release of thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid hormone.

A

Hormonal

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13
Q

Mechanism used to control release of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).

A

Nerual

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14
Q

Cortisol is released in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This is an example of which mechanism?

A

Hormonal

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15
Q

Insulin is released when levels of glucose in the blood are too high. This is an example of which mechanism?

A

Humoral

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16
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released in response to nerve signals from the hypothalamus.This is an example of which mechanism?

A

Neural

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17
Q

This is another name for the pituitary gland.

A

Hypophysis

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18
Q

Part of the brain that directly regulates the pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

The stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the brain.

A

Infundibulum

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20
Q

The more anterior portion of the pituitary gland.

A

Adenohypophysis

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21
Q

The more posterior portion of the pituitary gland.

A

Neurohypophysis

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22
Q

The depression in the sella turcica that supports the pituitary gland.

A

Hypophyseal fossa

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23
Q

Hormones that regulate the secretion of other hormones (includes TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH)

A

Tropic hormones

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24
Q

Secreted by Anterior pituitary

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Growth hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Prolactin, Thyroid-stimulating hormone, Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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25
Q

Secreted by Posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormone, Oxytocin

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26
Q

Stimulates kidneys to reclaim more water; raises blood pressure.

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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27
Q

Stimulates growth of skeleton at epiphyseal plates; stimulates body cells to synthesize proteins.

A

Growth hormone

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28
Q

Prompts mammary gland to make milk.

A

Prolactin

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29
Q

In females it stimulates ovulation; in males it stimulates interstitial cells to make testosterone

A

Luteinizing hormone

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30
Q

Prompts the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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31
Q

In female it stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles; in males it stimulates sperm production.

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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32
Q

Prompts contraction of the smooth muscle of the male and female reproductive tract; initiates labor and milk ejection in females; involved with the establishment of social bonds.

A

Oxytocin

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33
Q

Prompts thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone.

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

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34
Q

Stimulates melanocytes to darken skin pigmentation.

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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35
Q

. Two hormones that are made in the hypothalamus then transported through axons to be stored in the pituitary until needed

A

Antidiuretic hormone & Oxytocin

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36
Q

A butterfly-shaped gland located in the anterior neck just inferior to the larynx

A

Thyroid gland

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37
Q

Spherical structures filled with a precursor of thyroid hormone.

A

Follicles

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38
Q

A pink-staining material that is the precursor of the thyroid hormones.

A

Colloid

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39
Q

Cells that secrete thyroid hormone.

A

Follicular cells

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40
Q

Cells that secrete calcitonin.

A

Parafollicular cells

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41
Q

Generally four small, yellow-brown glands that are usually embedded in the posterior surface of another gland, but which may be in other regions of the neck or thorax

A

Parathyroid glands

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42
Q

The cells that make parathyroid hormone.

A

Chief cells

43
Q

Secreted by the Thyroid gland

A

Calcitonin, thyroxine

44
Q

Secreted by the Parathryroid gland

A

Parathyroid hormone

45
Q

Thyroxine hormone actions:

A

Increases metabolic rate.

46
Q

Parathyroid hormone actions:

A

Increases blood calcium level by stimulating osteoclasts, decreasing calcium secretion by the kidneys, and activating vitamin D.

47
Q

Calcitonin hormone actions:

A

Decreases blood calcium level by stimulating osteoblasts and increasing calcium secretion by the kidneys.

48
Q

Secreted by Adrenal Cortex:

A

Glucocorticoids, DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone), Mineralocorticoids

49
Q

Secreted by Adrenal Medulla

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

50
Q

Raise blood glucose level and help resist stress, The main one is cortisol, and In large quantities they depress inflammation and inhibit the immune system

A

Glucocorticoids

51
Q

Help trigger the fight-or-flight response

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

52
Q

Sex hormone secreted by the adrenal gland,

A

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)

53
Q

Hormones that help control blood volume and blood pressure by reabsorbing sodium and water, The main one is aldosterone

A

Mineralocorticoids

54
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland consists of modified postganglionic neurons?

A

adrenal medulla

55
Q

A gland located in the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity that has both exocrine and endocrine functions

A

Pancreas

56
Q

Pancreatic cells that secrete digestive enzymes

A

Acinar cells

57
Q

Clusters of cells that perform the endocrine functions of the pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans

58
Q

Cells that secrete insulin.

A

Beta cells

59
Q

Cells that secrete glucagon

A

Alpha cells

60
Q

Decreases blood glucose level, Released when the level of glucose in the blood is too high, Promotes glucose uptake into cell and storage as glycogen in the liver.

A

Insulin

61
Q

Increases blood glucose level, Released when the level of glucose in the blood is too low, Stimulates liver to release glucose from its glycogen stores.

A

Glucagon

62
Q

A pine-cone shaped gland that is part of the diencephalon.

A

Pineal gland

63
Q

An immune structure located in the neck and thorax.

A

Thymus

64
Q

Located in the scrotum.

A

Testes

65
Q

Located on the right and left sides of the pelvic cavity.

A

Ovaries

66
Q

Specific structure that secretes estrogen only.

A

Ovarian follicle

67
Q

Specific structure that secretes estrogen and progesterone.

A

Corpus luteum

68
Q

Specific structure that secretes testosterone.

A

Interstitial cells

69
Q

Secretes thymopoietin and thymosin.

A

Thymus

70
Q

Secretes melatonin.

A

Pineal gland

71
Q

Stimulates the transformation of lymphocyte-precursor cells into T-lymphocytes.

A

Thymic hormones

72
Q

Helps regulate circadian rhythms.

A

Melatonin

73
Q

Maintains the reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics in females.

A

Estrogen

74
Q

Signals the uterus to prepare for pregnancy.

A

Progesterone

75
Q

Maintains the reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics in males and helps promote sperm formation.

A

Testosterone

76
Q

Secretes erythropoietin.

A

Kidneys

77
Q

Secretes atrial natriuretic peptide.

A

Heart

78
Q

Forms a precursor of vitamin D, which is a steroid hormone.

A

Skin

79
Q

Secretes estrogens, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin.

A

Placenta

80
Q

Hormone-secreting cells scattered within tissue derived from the embryonic gut; secrete numerous hormones including gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin.

A

Diffuse neuroendocrine system

81
Q

Signals the intestine to absorb calcium from food.

A

Vitamin D

82
Q

Signals the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells.

A

Erythropoietin

83
Q

Decreases excess blood volume, high blood pressure, and high blood sodium concentration by stimulating the kidney to increase secretion of salt

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

84
Q

Causes the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

85
Q

Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine.

A

Endemic goiter

86
Q

Increased growth during childhood causes the individual to be taller than normal.

A

Gigantism

87
Q

Causes formation of large quantities of dilute urine, and excessive thirst.

A

Diabetes insipidus

88
Q

Causes a drop in glucose and sodium levels, severe dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain.

A

Addison’s disease

89
Q

Children do not grow to normal height.

A

Pituitary dwarfism

90
Q

A condition in which there is a high metabolic rate, sweating, nervousness, weight loss, and protrusion of the eyes.

A

Grave’s disease

91
Q

An adult condition in which there is a low metabolic rate, weight gain, chilliness, edema, and mental sluggishness.

A

Myxedema

92
Q

Disease in adults that causes thickening of bones and growth of soft tissues.

A

Acromegaly

93
Q

Causes high blood glucose, loss of protein from muscles and lethargy.

A

Cushing’s disease

94
Q

Infants exhibit stunted growth, abnormal development, and mental retardation.

A

Cretinism

95
Q

High levels of glucose in the blood and urine; usually begins in adulthood; caused by insensitivity of tissues to the hormone.

A

Diabetes mellitus, Type 2

96
Q

High levels of glucose in the blood and urine; usually begins in childhood; caused by destruction of cells in the pancreas.

A

Diabetes mellitus, Type 1

97
Q

Cushing’s disease, hormonal imbalance causes

A

Too many glucocorticoids

98
Q

Cretinism, hormomal imbalance causes

A

Too little thyroxine

99
Q

Pituitary dwarfism, hormonal imbalance causes

A

Too little growth hormone

100
Q

Addison’s disease, hormonal imbalance causes

A

Too few glucocorticoids

101
Q

Grave’s disease, hormonal imbalance causes

A

Too much thyroxine

102
Q

Type 1 diabetes, hormonal imbalance causes

A

Too little insulin

103
Q

Acromegaly, hormonal imbalance causes

A

Too much growth hormone

104
Q

Myxedema, hormonal imbalance causes

A

Too little thyroxine

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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