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RT 472: pathology/ venipuncture > Ch. 2 Pharmacodynamics > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Pharmacodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the part of pharmacology that focuses on the method for achieving effective drug administration

A

Biopharmaccutics

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2
Q

The process of how a drug is absorbed, distributed , metabolized and eliminated from the body

A

Pharacokinetics

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3
Q

____ is a substance into which a drug is compounded for initial delivery into the body

List some examples

A

vehicle

ex: caplet, solution, Gas, tablet etc.

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4
Q

Combination of both the drug and the vehicle used to deliver it is known as: ______

This can be in the form of:

A

Dosage form

Solid
Liquid
Gas
or combo of above

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5
Q

Name examples of solid used for

  • oral administration
  • non-oral administration
A
  1. Tablets
  2. Capsules
  3. Troches (candy type such as hauls)
    - ————– -
  • suppositories
  • Inserts
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6
Q

What do tablets consists of?

A
  1. drug
  2. Fillers/ disintegrators
  3. Dyes
  4. Flavoring agents
  5. Outside coating
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7
Q

Name 3 different types of tablets

A
  1. Compressed
  2. Sugar coated
  3. Film coated
  4. Enteric coated
  5. Buccal or sublingual
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8
Q

Capsules consists of

  1. _____
  2. _____
A
  1. Active ingredient ( drug)

2. shell

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9
Q

Capsules are designed to

  1. ___
  2. ___
  3. ___
A
  1. Mask taste
  2. Allow for easy swallowing
  3. Contribute to controlled release mechanism
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10
Q

Troches are solids that contain medicine in the form of

  1. ___
  2. ___
  • they are designed to ______.
A
  1. hard sugar
  2. glycernated gelatin base
  • Dissolve slowly in the mouth
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11
Q

Compressed suppositories or (inserts) are ____ in form and are designed for ___ or ____ delivery

A

solid

Vaginal or rectal delivery

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12
Q

List 3 liquid examples

How is is administered ?

A
  1. Solutions
    (things that bond together and do not separate overtime )
  2. Emulsions
    ( will separate into 2 liquid)
  3. Suspensions
    (solid suspending into liquid)

Administered by all routes

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13
Q

Medication given by injection is known as _____

List some examples

A

Parenteral

  1. Intradermal
  2. Subcutaneous
  3. Intravenous
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14
Q

All parenteral injections must be free from all ____

A

contaminants

preservative free

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15
Q

medication given through gas route is used for

  1. ___
  2. __
  3. __
A
  1. Oxygen therapy
  2. Anesthesia
  3. Aerosal inhalers
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16
Q

___ is the process in which medication breaks down into smaller pieces

Where does this take place?

A

disintegration

happens in stomach

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17
Q

____ is when particles in a solution are absorbed by system

A

Dissolution

happens in small & large intestine

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18
Q

Define disintegration

A

medication breaks down into smaller pieces

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19
Q

Define Dissolution

A

Process in which a substance forms a solution

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20
Q

List the parameters that determine the onset , duration and extent of drug action?

A
  1. absorbed
  2. Distributed
  3. Metabolized
  4. Eliminated
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21
Q

If medication is given through IV , it bypasses the ____ step

A

Absorption

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22
Q

The rate and extent of absorption depend on the dissolution of the the

A
  1. dosage form
  2. Surface area of the absorption site
  3. Blood flow to the site
  4. Concentration of drug
  5. Acid base properties
  6. Lipophilicty of a drug
  7. Compatibility with other chemicals of drug
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23
Q

When an acid drug is in an acidic environment it is ____ and moves easier through the membrane.

A

non ionized

24
Q

Weak acid is ____ when i alkaline enviornment

A

ionized ( has a charge)

25
Q

Week acids cross barriers best when in _____ enviornments

A

acid

26
Q

Name a week acid

A

Aspirin

27
Q

Can water soluble drug cross lipid layer membrane?

A

no

they would need active transport to pass through bi-lipid membrane

28
Q

The more surface area, the more _____

A

absorption

29
Q

What is needed for absorption to occur?

A

Blood flow

30
Q

Transport in which a carrier protein is needed to move drugs across the membrane and release it on the other side is known as ____.

A

Active transport

31
Q

Which transport occurs when a drug moves through the lipid membrane naturally by simple diffusion

A

Passive transport

most common

32
Q

Which transport is most common.

A

Passive transport

“Exception” is when it is moved through Active transport

33
Q

Drugs with good solubility that can easily pass through membrane is known as ?

A

Lipophilicity

water soluble drugs will not pass easily

34
Q

Why is Barium not given to patients with

  • ulcers
  • Recent surgery
  • Suspected perforation
A

Because it forms a solid precipitate and if it exits the GI system it will need to be surgically removed since will not be absorbed.

35
Q

Transport of the drug in the body fluids from bloodstream to various tissues of the body and ultimately to its site of action.

A

Distribution

36
Q

What are factors that affect distrubtion?

A
  1. Cardiac output
  2. Regional blood flow
  3. Drug reservoirs
37
Q

What are 2 barriers to distribution that do not let drugs pass out of the blood stream and into certain areas

A
  1. Blood-brain

2. Placental

38
Q

Biotransformation is also known as: ___

What does it do?

Where does it take place

A

1 liver

Metabolism

Chemically changes drug into a metabolite that can be excreted from the body

  1. Plasma
  2. Kidneys
  3. Lungs
39
Q

What organ is primarily responsible for metabolism

A

liver

40
Q

Drugs usually undergo 1 or both of these chemical reactions in the liver to be able to excrete it

  1. ___
  2. ___
A
  1. Oxidation, hydrolysis or reduction

( gains an electron to become negatively charge to move. Positive charge will just keep medication in place. )

  1. Conjugation
    ( transforms drug from lipid soluble substance to water soluble to be excreted through GI tract.
41
Q

___ is the process in which a drug transforms from lipid soluble substance to water soluble to be excreted through GI tract.

A

Conjugation

42
Q

___ is the process in which a drug gains an electron to become negatively charged to be excreted

A

oxidation, hydrolysis or reduction

43
Q

What factors contribute to prolonged drug metabolism

A
  1. Liver disease
  2. Immature metabolizing enzyme system
  3. Degenerating enzyme system
  4. Renal problems
44
Q

If drug metabolism is delayed, cumulative drug doses can have the same effects as

A

overdose

45
Q

Which organ is primarily responsible for excretion?

A

Kidneys

46
Q

What organs or systems can eliminate

A 
Kidneys
Intestines
Breast milk
Sweat
Respiratory system (excretes gaseous drugs)
47
Q

Medications are absorbed in either _____ or ____ solution

A

Liquid or gaseous

48
Q

What marks the beginning of the pharmcokinetic process

A

Disintegration & Dissolution

49
Q

what gives rise to some of the larges surface area for absoption in the human body

A

pulmonary alveoli & GI rugae

50
Q

Most drugs are either ___ acids or ____ bases.

When does a drug cross the barrier best

A

week acid( non ionized) or week base ( Ionized)

  • week acid ( non ionized) crosses best in weak medium
51
Q

How is Barium safely administered and why?

A

as an oral GI radiopaque agent

because it can form a precipitate and become toxic

52
Q

When does distribution of a drug take place

A

Once it is absorbed into the bloodstream

53
Q

Define distribution

A

Transport of drug in body fluids from the bloodstream, to tissues and ultimately site of action

54
Q

Define pharacokinetics

A

process of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated from the body

55
Q

Dosage forms can be in what types of substances?

A

Liquid
Solid
Gas
or combo of the above

56
Q

Define biopharmaceutics

A

area of pharmacology that focuses on the method for achieving effective drug administration

57
Q

What is another name for metabolizm

A

Biotransformation

RT 472: pathology/ venipuncture (15 decks)

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