Ch. 2 Pharmacodynamics Flashcards
___ is the part of pharmacology that focuses on the method for achieving effective drug administration
Biopharmaccutics
The process of how a drug is absorbed, distributed , metabolized and eliminated from the body
Pharacokinetics
____ is a substance into which a drug is compounded for initial delivery into the body
List some examples
vehicle
ex: caplet, solution, Gas, tablet etc.
Combination of both the drug and the vehicle used to deliver it is known as: ______
This can be in the form of:
Dosage form
Solid
Liquid
Gas
or combo of above
Name examples of solid used for
- oral administration
- non-oral administration
- Tablets
- Capsules
- Troches (candy type such as hauls)
- ————– -
- suppositories
- Inserts
What do tablets consists of?
- drug
- Fillers/ disintegrators
- Dyes
- Flavoring agents
- Outside coating
Name 3 different types of tablets
- Compressed
- Sugar coated
- Film coated
- Enteric coated
- Buccal or sublingual
Capsules consists of
- _____
- _____
- Active ingredient ( drug)
2. shell
Capsules are designed to
- ___
- ___
- ___
- Mask taste
- Allow for easy swallowing
- Contribute to controlled release mechanism
Troches are solids that contain medicine in the form of
- ___
- ___
- they are designed to ______.
- hard sugar
- glycernated gelatin base
- Dissolve slowly in the mouth
Compressed suppositories or (inserts) are ____ in form and are designed for ___ or ____ delivery
solid
Vaginal or rectal delivery
List 3 liquid examples
How is is administered ?
- Solutions
(things that bond together and do not separate overtime ) - Emulsions
( will separate into 2 liquid) - Suspensions
(solid suspending into liquid)
Administered by all routes
Medication given by injection is known as _____
List some examples
Parenteral
- Intradermal
- Subcutaneous
- Intravenous
All parenteral injections must be free from all ____
contaminants
preservative free
medication given through gas route is used for
- ___
- __
- __
- Oxygen therapy
- Anesthesia
- Aerosal inhalers
___ is the process in which medication breaks down into smaller pieces
Where does this take place?
disintegration
happens in stomach
____ is when particles in a solution are absorbed by system
Dissolution
happens in small & large intestine
Define disintegration
medication breaks down into smaller pieces
Define Dissolution
Process in which a substance forms a solution
List the parameters that determine the onset , duration and extent of drug action?
- absorbed
- Distributed
- Metabolized
- Eliminated
If medication is given through IV , it bypasses the ____ step
Absorption
The rate and extent of absorption depend on the dissolution of the the
- dosage form
- Surface area of the absorption site
- Blood flow to the site
- Concentration of drug
- Acid base properties
- Lipophilicty of a drug
- Compatibility with other chemicals of drug
When an acid drug is in an acidic environment it is ____ and moves easier through the membrane.
non ionized
Weak acid is ____ when i alkaline enviornment
ionized ( has a charge)
Week acids cross barriers best when in _____ enviornments
acid
Name a week acid
Aspirin
Can water soluble drug cross lipid layer membrane?
no
they would need active transport to pass through bi-lipid membrane
The more surface area, the more _____
absorption
What is needed for absorption to occur?
Blood flow
Transport in which a carrier protein is needed to move drugs across the membrane and release it on the other side is known as ____.
Active transport
Which transport occurs when a drug moves through the lipid membrane naturally by simple diffusion
Passive transport
most common
Which transport is most common.
Passive transport
“Exception” is when it is moved through Active transport
Drugs with good solubility that can easily pass through membrane is known as ?
Lipophilicity
water soluble drugs will not pass easily
Why is Barium not given to patients with
- ulcers
- Recent surgery
- Suspected perforation
Because it forms a solid precipitate and if it exits the GI system it will need to be surgically removed since will not be absorbed.
Transport of the drug in the body fluids from bloodstream to various tissues of the body and ultimately to its site of action.
Distribution
What are factors that affect distrubtion?
- Cardiac output
- Regional blood flow
- Drug reservoirs
What are 2 barriers to distribution that do not let drugs pass out of the blood stream and into certain areas
- Blood-brain
2. Placental
Biotransformation is also known as: ___
What does it do?
Where does it take place
1 liver
Metabolism
Chemically changes drug into a metabolite that can be excreted from the body
- Plasma
- Kidneys
- Lungs
What organ is primarily responsible for metabolism
liver
Drugs usually undergo 1 or both of these chemical reactions in the liver to be able to excrete it
- ___
- ___
- Oxidation, hydrolysis or reduction
( gains an electron to become negatively charge to move. Positive charge will just keep medication in place. )
- Conjugation
( transforms drug from lipid soluble substance to water soluble to be excreted through GI tract.
___ is the process in which a drug transforms from lipid soluble substance to water soluble to be excreted through GI tract.
Conjugation
___ is the process in which a drug gains an electron to become negatively charged to be excreted
oxidation, hydrolysis or reduction
What factors contribute to prolonged drug metabolism
- Liver disease
- Immature metabolizing enzyme system
- Degenerating enzyme system
- Renal problems
If drug metabolism is delayed, cumulative drug doses can have the same effects as
overdose
Which organ is primarily responsible for excretion?
Kidneys
What organs or systems can eliminate
Kidneys Intestines Breast milk Sweat Respiratory system (excretes gaseous drugs)
Medications are absorbed in either _____ or ____ solution
Liquid or gaseous
What marks the beginning of the pharmcokinetic process
Disintegration & Dissolution
what gives rise to some of the larges surface area for absoption in the human body
pulmonary alveoli & GI rugae
Most drugs are either ___ acids or ____ bases.
When does a drug cross the barrier best
week acid( non ionized) or week base ( Ionized)
- week acid ( non ionized) crosses best in weak medium
How is Barium safely administered and why?
as an oral GI radiopaque agent
because it can form a precipitate and become toxic
When does distribution of a drug take place
Once it is absorbed into the bloodstream
Define distribution
Transport of drug in body fluids from the bloodstream, to tissues and ultimately site of action
Define pharacokinetics
process of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated from the body
Dosage forms can be in what types of substances?
Liquid
Solid
Gas
or combo of the above
Define biopharmaceutics
area of pharmacology that focuses on the method for achieving effective drug administration
What is another name for metabolizm
Biotransformation
