Ch 2: Biological implications

Question 1

Cerebrum

Answer 1

gray matter & white matter. Gray matter helps with processing info. Myelin helps in white matter to transport information.

Question 2

Frontal lobe

Answer 2

Makes us who we are. Damage to this can change personality. Internal or external trauma. Other things too.

Question 3

Parietal lobes

Answer 3

Touch and pain.

Question 4

Temporal

Answer 4

Auditory. Emotions too.

Question 5

Occipital

Answer 5

Mainly vision

Question 6

Diencephalon

Answer 6

includes thalamus (see the big picture) and hypothalamus (also regulate the appetite center, and may be involved in anorexia nervosa). Both part of the limbic system. REMEMBER.

Question 7

Our emotions (limbic system) is…

Answer 7

present in many regions of the brain

Question 8

Hope assessment

Answer 8

something we do with our patients - It helps us see how at risk someone will be for suicide

Question 9

Mesencephalon

Answer 9

Reflexes
Keeping upright

Question 10

The Hindbrain: Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum

Answer 10

Pons: respiration & sleep
Medulla: HR, RR, reflexes like sneezing
Cerebellum: involuntary movement like balance and running and many more

Question 11

Any damage to these brain structures can cause…

Answer 11

mental illness

Question 12

Nerve tissue

Answer 12

Most neurons are interneurons. Carry chemical signals.

Question 13

Synapse

Answer 13

Junction between neurons

Question 14

Difference between PNS and SNS

Answer 14

Para = rest and digest
symp = FFF

Question 15

the 4 groups of neurotransmitters

Answer 15

• Cholinergics
• Monoamines
• Amino acids
• Neuropeptides

Question 16

Cholinergic: Acetylcholine

Answer 16

Decreased levels: Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s
Increased: Depression

Question 17

Monoamines: Norepinephrine

Answer 17

Decreased levels: Depression
Increased: Mania, Anxiety states, schizophrenia

Question 18

Monamines: Dopamine

Answer 18

Decreased levels: Parkinson’s disease, depression, tourette syndrome, and ADHD
Increased: Mania, schizophrenia, & addictions

Question 19

Monamines: Serotonin

Answer 19

Decreased: Depression, anxiety
Increased levels: Anxiety states. some of the receptors for serotonin have an anti-anxiety effect. others may increase anxiety.

Question 20

Monamines: Histamine

Answer 20

Decreased: depression
Increased: Sleep disorders, anxiety, Alzheimers, psychosis.

Question 21

Amino acids: GABA

Answer 21

Decreased: Huntington’s disease, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and various forms of epilepsy

Question 22

Not covered in class much: other 3 amino acids

Answer 22

Glycine: if low –> spastic motor movements. if high –> glycine encephalopathy

Glutamate and aspartate: high –> huntington’s, temp lobe epilepsy, spinal degenration, anxiety, depression

D-serine: Decreased –> schizophrenia

Question 23

Neuropeptides: Substance P

Answer 23

MAYBE: Substance P is implicated in PTSD

Decreased: alzheimer’s
Increased: Huntington’s

Question 24

Neuropeptides: Endorphins and enkephalins

Answer 24

Modulation of dopamine activty by opioid peptides may indicate some link to the symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 25

Neuropeptides: Somatostatin

Answer 25

Decreased: Alzheimer's Increased: Huntington's

Question 26

Hormones of the neuroendocrine system

Answer 26

Issues with hormones can greatly affect mental states

Question 27

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 27

- Helps to maintain our BP & conserve water. Emotional stress is involved. Polydipsia (drinking a lot). Bipolar and schizophrenia pts have a problem with their ADH. - Location of origin: Posterior lobe of pituitary gland

Question 28

Oxytocin

Answer 28

- Location: posterior pituitary lobe - May play a role in stress response by stimulation of ACTH

Question 29

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 29

- anterior pituitary - Altered secretion may correlate with anorexia nervosa

Question 30

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 30

- Decreased: Insomnia, Anxiety, emotional lability - Increased: Fatigue, depression - Decreased levels of TSH result in INCREASED THYROID hormones - Anterior pituatary

Question 31

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Answer 31

- Anterior pituitary - Decreased: depression, apathy, fatigue - Increased: Mood disorders, psychosis

Question 32

Prolactin

Answer 32

- Anterior pituitary - Increased: Depression, anxiety, decreased libido, irritability

Question 33

Gonadotropic hormones

Answer 33

- Anterior P. - Decreased: Depression and anorexia nervosa - Increased testosterone: Increased sexual behavior and aggressiveness

Question 34

melanocyte stimulating hormone

Answer 34

- Anterior P. - Increased: depression

Question 35

Pituitary gland

Answer 35

- Circadian rhythms follow a 24 hour cycle and may influence a variety of regulatory functions

Question 36

Genetics. Phenotype vs Genotype

Answer 36

Phenotype: Expressed genes Genotype: ur whole set of genes. Unexpressed ones as well.

Question 37

Involvement of Genes vs environment in development of mental illness

Answer 37

Psychiatric disorders are most likely due to a combination of Genetics and environmental influence

Question 38

Psyc-pharm:

Answer 38

A primary modality for treatment of mental illness. Most action occurs at neuronal synapses.

Question 39

Antidepressants work by...

Answer 39

blocking reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 40

Antipsychotics work by...

Answer 40

blocking specific neurotransmitter receptors

Question 41

Benzodiazepines work by...

Answer 41

Facilitating the transmission of GABA

Question 42

Psychostimulants work by...

Answer 42

Increasing the release of Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.

Question 43

What interdisciplinary approach is best for psych nursing as a whole?

Answer 43

A biopsychosocial approach