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Penny ob/gyn > Ch. 19 The Menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

Ch. 19 The Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

The last menstrual cycle relates to the

A

onset of menses

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2
Q

The average menstrual cycle lasts ___ days with ovulation occurring on day ___.

A

28, 14

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3
Q

The first menstrual cycle is termed

A

menarche

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4
Q

Primary amenorrhea may be caused by congenital abnormalities or congenital obstructions, such as an ______

A

imperforate hymen

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5
Q

if an individual does not experience menarche before age 16, she is said to have _____

A

primary amenorrhea

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6
Q

_______may be associated with endocrinologic abnormalities or pregnancy

A

Secondary amenorrhea

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7
Q

Secondary amenorrhea that is not associated with pregnancy is characteristically diagnosed in the postmenarchal woman who has had ____ to ____months without a menstrual cycle.

A

3 to 6

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8
Q

The ________is the complex interactions that take place between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries as part of the female reproductive cycle.

A

hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis

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9
Q

The _______is an area within the brain that is located just beneath the thalamus. The primary responsibility of the ______, as it relates to the menstrual cycle, is to regulate the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland.

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

the hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to release the hormones that regulate the female menstrual cycle

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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11
Q

The pituitary gland, often referred to as the “________,” is an endocrine gland located within the brain that consists of an anterior and a posterior lobe

A

master gland

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12
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is responsible for the release of two chief hormones that influence the menstrual cycle: ____and____(*both act upon the ovaries)

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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13
Q

FSH causes the development of multiple_______on the ovaries, whereas LH surges around day 14 of the menstrual cycle, resulting in ______.

A

follicles; ovulation

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14
Q

The ovaries produce two hormones called

A

estrogen & progesterone

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15
Q

Estrogen is initially produced by the __________of the secondary follicles during the first part of the menstrual cycle.

A

theca internal cells

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16
Q

cells of the follicle that produces estrogen

A

theca internal cells

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17
Q

______ has many other important functions, such as the regeneration of the endometrium after menses and the induction of salt and water retention. It also stimulates contractile motions within the uterine myometrium and the fallopian tubes.

A

Estrogen

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18
Q

progesterone is produced by the _______ of the ovary

A

corpus luteum

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19
Q

the temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the Graafian follicle after ovulation

A

corpus luteum

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20
Q

______responsible for maintaining the thickness of the endometrium and inducing its secretory activity as the endometrium prepares for the possible implantation of a pregnancy.

A

progesterone

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21
Q

The ovary produces estrogen and progesterone, which influence the _______.

A

endometrium

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22
Q

The ovarian cycle consists of two phases: the _______ and ______

A

follicular phase and the luteal phase

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23
Q

The _____of the ovarian cycle is considered to begin on day 1 and lasts until day 14, thus, in effect, ending with ovulation.

A

follicular phase

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24
Q

During the follicular phase the anterior pituitary gland secretes ___, which initiates the follicular development of the ovary.

A

FSH

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25
Q

only one follicle will progress from primordial follicle to primary follicle and then to become a secondary follicle. This secondary follicle will eventually mature to become the _______ or dominant follicle before ovulation

A

Graafian follicle

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26
Q

the structure that contains the developing oocyte

A

cumulus oophorus

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27
Q

This Graafian follicle, which can grow as large as 2.7 cm, contains the developing oocyte (egg) within a region called the _____

A

cumulus oophorus

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28
Q

Around day 14, ____, produced by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates ovulation, at which time the Graafian follicle, which has grown to a size of 15 to 27 mm, ruptures and expels a small amount of fluid and the ovum into the peritoneum. , produced by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates ovulation, at which time the Graafian follicle, which has grown to a size of 15 to 27 mm, ruptures and expels a small amount of fluid and the ovum into the peritoneum.

A

LH

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29
Q

At the time of ovulation, the individual may feel a twinge of pain, and this is termed_______

A

mittelschmerz

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30
Q

the fingerlike extension of the fallopian tube located on the infundibulum

A

fimbria

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31
Q

The second phase of the ovarian cycle, days 15 to 28, is termed the _____

A

luteal phase

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32
Q

a temporary structure formed immediately following ovulation as the dominant follicle collapses and fills with blood; after the trauma heals, this becomes the corpus luteum

A

corpus hemorrhagicum

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33
Q

The corpus hemorrhagicum then rapidly converts into a temporarily endocrine gland in the form of the _____

A

corpus luteum

34
Q

The _______, which is literally interpreted “yellow body,” while producing estrogen in small amounts, primarily produces progesterone to maintain the thickness of the endometrium and prepares the endometrium for the (conceivably) fertilized ovum.

A

corpus luteum

35
Q

While the corpus luteum depends on LH to be maintained, ________negatively inhibits the production of LH by the anterior pituitary gland, resulting in the regression of the corpus luteum.

A

progesterone

36
Q

The remaining structure of the corpus luteum is now termed the _______, which can often be seen sonographically as a small echogenic scar on the ovary.

A

corpus albicans

37
Q

during the early follicular phase and late luteal phase, the ovarian artery will demonstrate a ____-resistive pattern, with ______impedance, and _____or low end-diastolic velocity.

A

high;increased;absent

38
Q

During the late follicular and early luteal phases, the ovary will demonstrate a ____-resistive pattern, with____impedance and _____ levels of diastolic flow.

A

low;low;higher

39
Q

Remember this chain of events: primordial follicle > ______ follicle > secondary follicle > Graafian (dominant) follicle > ______ > corpus hemorrhagicum > corpus luteum > _______

A

primary;ovulation;corpus albicans

40
Q

The innermost layer of the endometrium that is stimulated by the hormones of the ovary to undergo changes throughout the menstrual cycle; provides an appropriate location for the implantation of the products of conception

A

functional layer (stratum funtionale)

41
Q

The outermost portion of the endometrium consists of dense, cellular stroma slightly altered by the menstrual cycle

A

basal layer (stratum basale)

42
Q

The endometrial cycle consists of two phases: the____ and ______

A

proliferative phase;secretory phase

43
Q

The proliferative phase occurs ___menstruation and lasts until ovulation.

A

after

44
Q

During the first half of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium undergoes thickening as a result of estrogen stimulation. Thus, proliferation of the endometrium, which is described as the multiplication of similar forms, occurs during the ______of the endometrial cycle because the functional layer increases in thickness.

A

proliferative phase

45
Q

The proliferative phase may be divided into two phases, early and late, with the late proliferative phase often being referred to as the _______ phase.

A

periovulatory

46
Q

The _______of the endometrial cycle occurs after ovulation and is stimulated by progesterone.

A

secretory phase

47
Q

Should fertilization not take place, menses begin on day 1 of the cycle, resulting from a lack of _____and______.

A

estrogen and progesterone

48
Q

If fertilization does occur, the endometrial thickness is maintained by the continual production of progesterone by the ________of pregnancy

A

corpus luteum of pregnancy

49
Q

The ____ phase of the endometrial cycle occurs after menstruation and lasts until ovulation

A

proliferative (day 1-14)

50
Q

The ___ phase of the endometrial cycle occurs after ovulation and it stimulated by progesterone

A

secretory (day 15-28)

51
Q

the corpus luteum that is maintained during early pregnancy for the purpose of producing estrogen and primarily progesterone

A

corpus luteum of pregnancy

52
Q

Mnemonic to recall correlation of the menstrual cycle phases “ovaries freely let every period start”

A

ovary, follicular, luteal, endometrium, proliferative, secretory

53
Q

Sonographic appearance of endometrium during menses

A

thin & echogenic (up to 4mm)

54
Q

Sonographic appearance of endometrium during early proliferative phase

A

thickening hypoechoic functional layer (4-8mm)

55
Q

Sonographic appearance of endometrium during preovulatory (late proliferative phase) (days 5-14)

A

“three line sign” (6-10mm)

56
Q

Sonographic appearance of endometrium during secretory phase

A

thick & echogenic (7-14mm)

57
Q

Fertilization of conception typically occurs on what day of the menstrual cycle with the union of the egg & sperm in the fallopian tube?

A

day 15

58
Q

The thickness measurement of the endometrium obtained with sonography should not include the adjacent hypoechoic ______ and is considered accurate when the double-layer thickness measurement is performed

A

myometrium

59
Q

The ______ includes only the distance from basal layer to basal layer. If there is fluid within the endometrium, then the measurement of the two separate layers of the endometrium, excluding the fluid, should be obtained and then added together to obtain the true thickness

A

double-layer thickness

60
Q

A difference in frequency, duration and amount of menstrual bleeding is referring to

A

abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)

61
Q

The production of ____ maintains the corpus luteum. Thus, ____ allows the corpus luteum to continue to produce estrogen and progesterone, which, in turn, maintains the thickness of the endometrium so that implantation can take place and the pregnancy can continue to progress normally

A

hCG

62
Q

The cells that surround the blastocyst, the syncytiotrophoblastic cells (trophoblastic cells), then begin to produce __________

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

63
Q

the stage at which the conceptus implants within the decidualized endometrium

A

blastocyst

64
Q

the trophoblastic cells surrounding the blastocyst that are responsible for producing human chorionic gonadotropin

A

syncytiotrophoblastic cells

65
Q

the hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients and males

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

66
Q

Measurement of the endometrium should be from ____ layer to ______ layer.

A

basal;basal

67
Q

One of the more common suspicious pathologies that results in AUB is the presence of fibroid tumors or ______within or abutting the uterine cavity.

A

leiomyomas

68
Q

Causes of AUB:
Uterine fibroids (leiomyoma)

Adenomyosis

Cervical polyps

Endometrial polyps

Endometrial hyperplasia

Endometrial cancer

Hypothyroidism

Anovulation

Iatrogenic

Ovulatory dysfunction

Coagulopathy

A

abnormal uterine bleeding

69
Q

a condition that is the result of medical treatment; may be due to exposure to a pathogen, toxin, or injury following a treatment or procedure

A

Iatrogenic

70
Q

blood clotting disorders

A

Coagulopathy

71
Q

Absence of menstruation; can be classified as either primary amenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea

A

Amenorrhea

72
Q

Monthly symptoms of menstruation without bleeding

A

Cryptomenorrhea

73
Q

Painful or difficult menstruation

A

Dysmenorrhea

74
Q

Abnormally heavy and prolonged menstruation

A

Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)

75
Q

Irregular menstrual bleeding between periods

A

Metrorrhagia (intermenstrual bleeding)

76
Q

Excessive or prolonged bleeding at irregular intervals

A

Menometrorrhagia

77
Q

Irregular cycles >35 days apart

A

Oligomenorrhea

78
Q

Frequent regular cycles but <21 days apart

A

Polymenorrhea

79
Q

Regularly timed menses but light flow

A

Hypomenorrhea

80
Q

What hormone stimulates the contractile motion within the uterine myometrium?

A

Estrogen

Penny ob/gyn (15 decks)

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