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Penny ob/gyn > Ch. 18 The Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes > Flashcards

Ch. 18 The Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes Flashcards

1
Q

______ are paired, oval-shaped, intraperitoneal organs that have a dual blood supply from both the ovarian artery and ovarian branches of the uterine arteries

A

Ovaries

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2
Q

As endocrine glands, the ovaries are responsible for releasing ______and _______ in varying amounts throughout the menstrual cycle.

A

estrogen,progesterone

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3
Q

They may be located anywhere within the true pelvis, excluding the ______ cul-de-sac.The ovarian fossa is located posterior to the ureter and internal iliac artery and superior to the external iliac artery.

A

anterior

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4
Q

Dual blood supply to ovaries is from where?

A

ovarian artery and ovarian branch of the uterine arteries

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5
Q

Right ovarian vein drains into the ___ and the left ovarian vein drains into the ___.

A

IVC, left renal vein

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6
Q

The ovaries are responsible for releasing __ & __ in varying amount during the menstraul cycle.

A

estrogen & progesteron

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7
Q

What is the layer covering the ovaries?

A

surface epithelium

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8
Q

What serves as a protective layer of the ovary?

A

tunica albuginea

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9
Q

The medulla of the ovaries contains the ovarian ___ & ___.

A

vasculature and lymphatics

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10
Q

The cortex of the ovaries is the site for

A

oogenesis (creation of ovum)

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11
Q

A normal follicle measures ______

A

3cm or higher

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12
Q

At approximately day __ of the menstrual cycle ovulation occurs when the dominant follicle ruptures.releasing the mature ovum and a small amount of follicular fluid into the peritoneal cavity

A

14

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13
Q

Only one follicle will become the dominant follicle, or Graafian follicle, before ovulation, whereas all other follicles undergo _______.

A

atrophy

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14
Q

The ovum is contained within the _______ of the dominant follicle

A

cumulus oophorus

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15
Q

The cumulus oophorus may be seen within the ovary during a sonographic examination, with the sonographic appearance resembling that of a _______.

A

daughter cyst

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16
Q

a small cyst within a large cyst

A

daughter cyst

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17
Q

______, which means middle pain, describes pain at the time of ovulation, typically on the side of the dominant follicle.

A

Mittelschmerz

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18
Q

After the Graafian follicle has ruptured, its structure is converted into the _______.

A

corpus luteum

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19
Q

If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained and becomes the corpus luteum of pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum regresses and becomes the ________.

A

corpus albicans

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20
Q

the remaining structure of the corpus luteum after its deterioration

A

corpus albicans

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21
Q

the corpus luteum that is maintained during an early pregnancy for the purpose of producing estrogen and primarily progesterone

A

corpus luteum of pregnancy

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22
Q

Sonographic appearance of a normal ovary

A

homogeneous, medium to low level echogenicity

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23
Q

Mean premenopausal ovarian volume

A

9.8cm ^3

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24
Q

Mean postmenopausal ovarian volume

A

5.8cm ^3

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25
Q

The size of the ovary depends on the _______and ______of the patient. Ovarian volume can be determined sonographically by utilizing the following formula: volume = length × width × height × 0.523. It can be provided in cm3 or milliliters (mL).

A

physiologic state,age

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26
Q

an abnormality that results from the ovary twisting on its mesenteric connection, consequently cutting off the blood supply to the ovary

A

ovarian torsion

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27
Q

a syndrome resulting from hyperstimulation of the ovaries by fertility drugs; results in the development of multiple, enlarged follicular ovarian cysts

A

ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

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28
Q

Typical ovarian flow is said to be ______resistant during the early follicular phase and late luteal phase, and ____ resistant during the late follicular phase and early luteal phase.

A

high,low

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29
Q

Ovarian arterial flow during early follicular (day0-7) phase

A

high impedance (resistance) with absent or low end diastolic flow, RI=1

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30
Q

Ovarian arterial flow during late follicular phase (day7-17)

A

low impedance (resistance) with increased diastolic flow, RI=0.5

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31
Q

Ovarian arterial flow during early luteal phase(day7-17)

A

low impedance (resistance) with increased diastolic flow, RI=0.5

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32
Q

Ovarian arterial flow during late luteal (day 18-28) phase

A

high impedance (resistance) with absent or low end diastolic flow, RI=1.0

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33
Q

How many weeks before a follicular cyst typically resolves?

A

6 weeks

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34
Q

The ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system (_____) was established by the American College of Radiology (ACR) and other medical organizations to standardize the ultrasound lexicon in gynecologic imaging in relation to adnexal pathology, such as ovarian cysts.

A

O-RADS

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35
Q

Follicular cysts range in size from ___ to ___cm; however, larger cysts have been documented.

A

3,8

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36
Q

The surgical removal of an ovarian cyst is referred to as _______

A

ovarian cystectomy

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37
Q

A large mass or cyst on the ovary increases the patient’s risk for ______.

A

ovarian torsion

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38
Q

Hyperstimulation of the ovaries, or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, from fertility treatment will also result in the development of multiple, enlarged _______.

A

follicular cysts

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39
Q

Clinical Findings of _______

Asymptomatic
Pain associated with hemorrhage and enlargement of cyst

A

Follicular Cysts

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40
Q

Sonographic Findings of _________

1.Simple cyst—anechoic, thin walled, unilocular, round, posterior enhancement
2.Hemorrhagic cyst—variable appearances, including complex components or entirely echogenic, depending on the amount of blood and the stage of lysis; may have a fluid–debris level, fishnet, weblike or lacy appearance as well

A

Follicular Cysts

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41
Q

__________is a physiologic (functional) cyst that develops after ovulation has occurred. After the Graafian follicle ruptures, the structure hemorrhages and forms the corpus hemorrhagicum, but within hours, the corpus luteum develops

A

corpus luteum cyst

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42
Q

The ______is primarily responsible for producing progesterone, thereby maintaining the endometrium during an early pregnancy in preparation for implantation.

A

corpus luteum

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43
Q

When regression of the corpus luteum takes place, a small, echogenic structure may be noted within the ovary, representing the _______.

A

corpus albicans

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44
Q

Corpus luteum cysts resolve after

A

1-2 months in a menstruating patient

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45
Q

Corpus luteum cysts may reach sizes up to 8 cm, with resolution of the cyst taking place within________months in menstruating patients. Pain is associated with enlargement of the cyst, hemorrhage, and rupture. If the cyst is large, it increases the risk for ovarian torsion.

A

1 to 2

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46
Q

Most common pelvic masses seen during 1st trimester, most often resolving within 16 weeks of gestation, “ring of fire” with color Doppler

A

corpus luteum of preganancy

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47
Q

A complex or thick-walled corpus luteum cyst can resemble an ________, so precaution to establish the presence of an intrauterine pregnancy should be taken in this regard, as well as careful consideration of the entire clinical picture.

A

ectopic pregnancy

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48
Q

Clinical Findings of ________

Asymptomatic
Pain associated with hemorrhage and enlargement of cyst
Corpus luteum of pregnancy accompanies a pregnancy

A

Corpus Luteum Cysts and Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy

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49
Q

Sonographic Findings of _______

1.Simple cyst appearance
2.May have a thick wall, be completely echogenic, and may be difficult to differentiate from other solid and cystic adnexal masses
3.Hemorrhagic components may appear complex or have a weblike or lacy appearance depending on the amount of blood and stage of lysis
4.“Ring of fire” around the cyst may be detected with color Doppler

A

Corpus Luteum Cysts and Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy

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50
Q

are the largest and least common of the functional cysts. They are found in the presence of elevated levels of hCG, occasionally exceeding 100,000 mIU per mL. These cysts may reach sizes of up to 15cm

A

Theca lutein cysts

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51
Q

gestational trophoblastic disease (molar pregnancy) and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome are common conditions associated with ________.

A

theca lutein cysts

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52
Q

a disease associated with an abnormal proliferation of the trophoblastic cells during pregnancy; may also be referred to as a molar pregnancy

A

gestational trophoblastic disease (molar pregnancy)

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53
Q

Clinical Findings of _______

1.Markedly elevated levels of hCG (as seen in cases of gestational trophoblastic disease, ovarian hyperstimulation, and twin gestations)
2.Nausea and vomiting (hyperemesis)
3.Pelvic fullness
4.Pain associated with hemorrhage, rupture, and ovarian torsion

A

Theca Lutein Cysts

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54
Q

Sonographic Findings of _______

1.Large, bilateral, multiloculated ovarian cystic masses
2.May contain hemorrhagic components

A

Theca Lutein Cysts

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55
Q

_________ are large, bilateral, multiloculated ovarian cystic masses that result from high levels of hCG as seen in patients with twins and those suffering from gestational trophoblastic disease or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

A

Theca lutein cysts

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56
Q

Small cysts adjacent to the ovary and most likely arising from the fallopian tube or broad ligaments, thought to be remnants of the Wolffian duct. Can range in size from 1.5 to 19cm

A

paraovarian cyst (simple cyst)

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57
Q

Clinical Findings of ______

Asymptomatic
If cyst is large, patients may present with pelvic pain and increased lower abdominal girth

A

Paraovarian Cysts

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58
Q

Sonographic Findings of _______

Simple cyst located adjacent, but not attached, to the ovary
If hemorrhagic, will appear complex

A

Paraovarian Cysts

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59
Q

Most common benign ovarian tumor, resulting from the retention of an unfertilized ovum (most often asymptomatic); As a result of the combination of these germ cells, a cystic teratoma may contain any number of tissues, including glandular thyroid components, bone, hair, sebum, fat, cartilage, and digestive elements. They frequently will contain fully formed or rudimentary teeth as well.

A

cystic teratoma (dermoid)- composed of 3 germ cell layes called ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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60
Q

Dermoids are commonly found in the ___ aged group

A

reproductive

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61
Q

developing into cancer

A

malignant degeneration

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62
Q

Dermoids also have the capability of _______, but this is rare.

A

malignant degeneration

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63
Q

Clinical Findings of a _______

Often asymptomatic
If torsion or rupture occurs, the patient may present with acute pelvic pain

A

Cystic Teratoma

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64
Q

Sonographic Findings of a _______

1.Complex, partially cystic mass in the ovary that includes one or more echogenic structures that may shadow
2.“Tip of the iceberg” sign—only the anterior element of the mass is seen, while the greater part of the mass is obscured by shadowing
3.Dermoid plug—produces posterior shadowing
4.Dermoid mesh—produced by hair and will appear as numerous linear interfaces within the cystic area of the mass

A

Cystic Teratoma

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65
Q

benign ovarian sex cord–stromal tumor that produces estrogen in older women

A

thecoma

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66
Q

ovarian tumors that arise from the gonadal ridges

A

sex cord–stromal tumor

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67
Q

Benign ovarian sex cord stromal tumor most often found in postmenopausal women and associated with Meigs syndrome

A

thecoma

68
Q

ascites and pleural effusion in the presence of a benign ovarian tumor

A

Meigs syndrome

69
Q

_______ are estrogen-producing tumors; therefore, patients often complain of postmenopausal vaginal bleeding associated with the unconstrained estrogen stimulation upon the endometrium. As the term denotes, these tumors are masses that are composed of multiple ovarian thecal cells.

A

Thecomas

70
Q

Clinical Findings of a _______

May be asymptomatic
Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding or abnormal vaginal bleeding secondary to estrogen stimulation
Meigs syndrome (ascites and pleural effusion)

A

Thecoma

71
Q

Sonographic Findings of a ______

Hypoechoic, solid mass with posterior attenuation
No posterior enhancement
If large, it may mimic a pedunculated leiomyoma

A

Thecoma

72
Q

Most common estogenic tumor, sex cord stromal tumor

A

granulosa cell tumor

73
Q

Reproductive aged and postmenopausal women will present with what clinical finding with a granulosa cell tumor?

A

abnormal vaginal bleeding

74
Q

Adolescence may present with what clinical finding with a ganulosa cell tumor?

A

pseudoprecocious puberty (secondary sex development induced by sex steroids or other sources)

75
Q

_________also referred to as the granulose theca cell tumor, is considered to be the most common estrogenic tumor.

A

granulosa cell tumor

76
Q

As a result of consistent estrogen stimulation, postmenopausal patients with granulosa cell tumors have approximately a 10% to 15% chance of developing _______.Granulosa cell tumors can reach sizes up to 40 cm and do have malignant potential.

A

endometrial carcinoma

77
Q

Clinical Findings of ______

Adolescence—pseudoprecocious puberty
Reproductive-aged and postmenopausal women will have abnormal vaginal bleeding

A

Granulosa Cell Tumors

78
Q

Sonographic Findings of ________

Solid, hypoechoic mass
Complex or partially cystic mass

A

Granulosa Cell Tumors

79
Q

An ovarian ______ is also considered a sex cord–stromal tumor. Unlike thecomas and granulosa cell tumors, however, _______ are not associated with estrogen production. _______ are most often found in middle-aged women.

A

fibroma

80
Q

an ovarian sex cord–stromal tumor found in middle-aged women

A

fibroma

81
Q

Clinical Findings of a ________

May be asymptomatic
Meigs syndrome (ascites and pleural effusion)

A

Fibroma

82
Q

Sonographic Findings of a ______

1.Hypoechoic, solid mass with posterior attenuation
2.No posterior enhancement
3.If large, it may mimic a pedunculated leiomyoma

A

Fibroma

83
Q

Transitional cell tumor, most often small, solid, hypoechoic, unilateral and may contain calcifications. They are almost always benign, but they can undergo malignant degeneration.

A

brenner tumor

84
Q

small benign ovarian tumors

A

brenner tumor

85
Q

Clinical Findings of a ________

1.May be asymptomatic, or may present with a palpable mass or pain
2.Meigs syndrome (ascites and pleural effusion)

A

Brenner Tumor

86
Q

Sonographic Findings of a _______

1.Small, solid, hypoechoic mass
2.May contain calcifications

A

Brenner Tumor

87
Q

Forms from the implantation of ectopic endometrial tissue, can be located anywhere outside the endometrial cavity but more common on the ovary

A

endometrioma

88
Q

An ________is a benign, blood-containing tumor that is associated with endometriosis and forms from the implantation of ectopic endometrial tissue. This ectopic endometrial tissue is functional.

A

endometrioma

89
Q

Endometriomas have been nicknamed ______because they appear as dark, thick bloody masses during gross examination.

A

“chocolate cysts”

90
Q

Endometriomas can be located anywhere outside the endometrial cavity, including on any other pelvic organ, such as the bladder and bowel, but are more commonly found on the _______. Most often, these masses are multiple and seen more often in the reproductive years.

A

ovary

91
Q

Clinical Findings of ________

Patient may be asymptomatic
Pelvic pain
Infertility
Dysmenorrhea
Menorrhagia
Dyspareunia
Painful bowel movements (dyschezia)

A

Endometriomas

92
Q

Sonographic Findings of _________

1.Predominantly cystic mass with low-level internal echoes (may resemble a hemorrhagic cyst)
2.Anechoic or complex, mostly cystic mass with posterior enhancement and may have a fluid–fluid level

A

Endometriomas

93
Q

Together, serous cystadenomas and cystic teratomas comprise most neoplasms of the ovary. Approximately 50% to 70% of ________ are benign, occurring more often in women in their forties and fifties as well as during pregnancy.

A

serous cystadenomas

94
Q

Clinical Findings of a ______Cystadenoma

Patients are often asymptomatic

A

Serous

95
Q

Sonographic Appearance of a ______Cystadenoma

1.Predominately anechoic lesion that contains septations and/or papillary projections
2.often large and bilateral

A

Serous

96
Q

________cystadenomas are often larger than serous cystadenomas and can even reach sizes up to 50 cm. They are not as often bilateral like serous cystadenomas

A

Mucinous

97
Q

Mucinous cystadenomas are often larger than serous cystadenomas, and they tend to contain _______ material within their cystic components.

A

echogenic

98
Q

Clinical Findings of a ______ Cystadenoma

Pelvic pressure and swelling

A

Mucinous

99
Q

Sonographic Appearance of a ________Cystadenoma

1.Large, predominately anechoic lesion that contains septations and/or papillary projections
2.May contain some recognizable internal, echogenic, layering debris

A

Mucinous

100
Q

the survival rate for ovarian cancers that are discovered in the advanced stages is only around 15%. Ovarian cancer has a strong familial incidence, including those individuals who are known carriers of the ____, _____, and _____ gene mutations. These patients will likely have a family history of breast cancer as well. Patients with these gene mutations may choose to undergo a prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy and, possibly, a hysterectomy as well.Other risk factors for ovarian cancer include an age of over 50 years, nulliparity, delayed childbearing, early onset of menses, late menopause, and estrogen use for hormone replacement therapy following menopause for more than 10 years.

A

BRCA1,BRCA2, and HER2/neu gene mutations

101
Q

The largest number of ovarian cancers are ___ in origin. Other ovarian cancers are referred to as malignant germ cell tumors, malignant sex cord–stromal tumors, or metastatic disease.

A

epithelial

102
Q

Most common malignancy of the ovary, frequently bilateral

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

103
Q

Patients with ovarian cancer may complain of weight loss, pelvic pressure and swelling, abnormal vaginal bleeding, and gastrointestinal problems. Although not always specific, they may also have an elevated _____.

A

CA 125

104
Q

Clinical Findings of _____ and _______ Cystadenocarcinomas

Weight loss
Pelvic pressure and swelling
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Acute abdominal pain associated with torsion or rupture
Elevated CA 125

A

Serous and Mucinous

105
Q

Sonographic Appearance of ______Cystadenocarcinoma

1.Large, multilocular cystic masses
2.Papillary projections and septations are often noted within the mass (w/ malignancy papillary projections are more prominent and thicker septations)
3.Ascites

A

Serous

106
Q

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is associated with

A

pseudomyxoma peritonei

107
Q

Sonographic Appearance of _______Cystadenocarcinoma

1.Large, multilocular cystic mass
2.Papillary projections and septations are often noted within the mass
3.Echogenic material within the cystic components of the mass
4.Pseudomyxoma peritonei (complex ascites)

A

Mucinous

108
Q

intraperitoneal extension of mucin-secreting cells that results from the rupture of a malignant mucinous ovarian tumor or, possibly, a malignant tumor of the appendix

A

pseudomyxoma peritonei

109
Q

Metastatic tumor to the ovary most often from gastrointestinal tract like stomach cancer

A

Kruenberg tumor

110
Q

The key to histologic diagnoses is the presence of ___ in a krukenberg tumor.

A

“signet ring” cells

111
Q

Krukenberg tumor appearance

A

“moth eaten”

112
Q

Krukenberg tumors are metastatic tumors to the ovary, most often from gastrointestinal cancers, like _______ cancer.

A

stomach

113
Q

Clinical Findings of a _______Tumor

Asymptomatic
History of gastric or colon cancer
Possible weight loss
Pelvic pain

A

Krukenberg

114
Q

Sonographic Findings of a _______Tumor

1.Bilateral, smooth-walled, hypoechoic or hyperechoic ovarian masses
2.“Moth-eaten” appearance (solid mass containing cystic spaces)
3.May have ascites

A

Krukenberg

115
Q

Sertoli leydig cell tumors (androblastoma) are found more often in women younger than ___ years.

A

30

116
Q

A _______, or androblastoma, is a sex cord–stromal ovarian neoplasm that is associated with virilization; thus, patients may present with abnormal menstruation and hirsutism because of androgen production.

A

Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor

117
Q

(female) changes within the female that are typically associated with males; caused by increased androgens and may lead to deepening of the voice and hirsutism

A

virilization

118
Q

Clinical Findings of _______

Virilization
Abnormal menstruation
Hirsutism

A

Sertoli–Leydig Cell Tumors

119
Q

Sonographic Findings of _____

1.Solid, hypoechoic ovarian mass
2.Complex or partially cystic mass

A

Sertoli–Leydig Cell Tumors

120
Q

a type of neoplasm derived from germ cells of the gonads; may also be found outside the reproductive tract

A

germ cell tumor

121
Q

Most common malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary, more often in patients under 30 years with an elevated serum hCG. May be found in pregnancy.

A

dysgerminoma (ovarian equivalent to testicular seminoma)

122
Q

The ______ is the most frequent ovarian malignancy found in childhood.

A

dysgerminoma

123
Q

the tumor marker used for dysgerminoma is an elevation in _______

A

serum lactate dehydrogenase

124
Q

Clinical Findings of _____

Children—pseudoprecocious puberty
Elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase
Possible elevated serum hCG

A

Dysgerminoma

125
Q

Sonographic Findings of _______

Ovoid, solid echogenic mass on the ovary
May contain some cystic components

A

Dysgerminoma

126
Q

Endodermal sinus tumor, second most common malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary, rapid growth in women under 20. Highly malignant and carries a poor prognosis

A

yolk sac tumor

127
Q

Yolk sac tumors are highly malignant and will present with an elevation in

A

AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)

128
Q

Clinical Findings of ______ Tumor

Elevation in serum AFP

A

Yolk Sac tumor

129
Q

Sonographic Findings of ______ Tumor

1.Homogeneous hyperechoic or complex mass
2.Varying sonographic appearances

A

Yolk Sac Tumor

130
Q

Most common cancer to originate within the endometrioma, most often in women in their 50-60’s

A

endometrioid tumor (carcinoma)

131
Q

a typically malignant ovarian tumor that is often associated with a history of endometrial cancer, endometriosis, and endometrial hyperplasia

A

endometrioid tumor(carcinoma)

132
Q

Clinical Findings of _______ Tumor

History of endometrial cancer or endometriosis

A

Endometrioid

133
Q

Sonographic Findings of _______Tumor

Complex mass with solid components
Cystic mass with papillary projections

A

Endometrioid

134
Q

Doppler analysis of malignant ovarian masses often reveals ______ diastolic flow velocities because of the abnormal vessels that are created with malignancy. Specifically, malignant tumors tend to have resistive indices less than 0.4 and pulsatility indices less than 1.0.

A

higher

135
Q

Worrisome Sonographic Findings for ________Carcinoma
*Complex ovarian mass

*Solid wall nodules within a cystic mass (the larger the solid component, the more likely for malignancy)

*Thick septations (>3 mm)

*Wall thickening

*Irregular wall or poorly defined margins

*Blood flow within the septations, wall, or nodules

*Ascites

A

Ovarian

136
Q

______, also referred to as adnexal torsion because it can involve the fallopian tube as well, results from the adnexal structures twisting on their mesenteric connection, consequently cutting off its blood supply.

A

Ovarian torsion

137
Q

Ovarian torsion is more common on what side?

A

right, may have “whirlpool sign” most common cause being an ovarian cyst or mass

138
Q

Stage I of ovarian carcinoma

A

Tumor is confined to the ovary

139
Q

Stage II of ovarian carcinoma

A

Tumor involves one or both ovaries with pelvic extension

140
Q

Stage III of ovarian carcinoma

A

tumor involves one or both ovaries with confirmed peritoneal metastasis outside the pelvis and/or regional lymph node involvement

141
Q

Stage IV of ovarian carcinoma

A

Distant metastasis beyond peritoneal cavity

142
Q

In one study, the torsed ovary most often measured greater than 5 cm, with a mean of ____ cm

A

9.5

143
Q

The sonographic appearance of the torsed ovary is that of an ______ ovary, with or without multifollicular development.

A

enlarged

144
Q

Clinical Findings of ______

1.Acute unilateral abdominal or pelvic pain
2.Nausea and vomiting
3.Slight leukocytosis

A

Ovarian Torsion

145
Q

Sonographic Findings of _____

1.Enlarged ovary
2.Enlarged ovary in the presence of multifollicular development
3.Small peripherally located follicles on the enlarged ovary as a result of edema
4.Lack of or diminished flow patterns compared with the nonaffected ovary
5.“Whirlpool” sign
6.Excessive free fluid

A

Ovarian Torsion

146
Q

The ________ may be referred to as oviducts, uterine tubes, or salpinges.

A

fallopian tubes

147
Q

Primary purpose of the fallopian tube

A

provide an area for fertilization (conception) to occur and to offer a means of transportation for the products of conception to reach the uterine cavity

148
Q

Fallopian tube experiences peristalsis, within its lumen, small, hairlike structures referred to as _____ shift, thereby offering a mechanism for the transportation of the fertilized ovum.

A

cilia

149
Q

Fallopian tubes have three layers called

A

outer serosa, middle muscular layer, inner mucosal layer

150
Q

The primary role of fimbria

A

to draw the unfertilized egg into the tube

151
Q

The ______ is the longest and most tortuous segment of the tube. It is a significant portion of the tube because it is the most likely location of fertilization and the area where ectopic pregnancies often embed.

A

ampulla

152
Q

the segment of the fallopian tube that lies within the uterine horn (cornu)

A

interstitial

153
Q

tube: the segment of the fallopian tube that is located between the interstitial and ampulla; uterus: area of the uterus between the corpus and the cervix

A

isthmus

154
Q

the longest and most tortuous segment of the fallopian tube

A

ampulla

155
Q

the distal segment of the fallopian tube

A

infundibulum

156
Q

The 7- to 12-cm paired _______ extend from the cornu of the uterus, travel within the broad ligaments, and are composed of five parts

A

fallopian tubes

157
Q

Cancer of the fallopian tube is rare and usually in the form of ___.

A

adenocarcinoma (solid mass within adnexa)

158
Q

a condition that is thought to result from the compression of the left renal vein at the origin of the superior mesenteric artery, a condition termed Nutcracker syndrome

A

pelvic congestion syndrome

159
Q

an anomaly where left renal vein entrapment occurs between the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta

A

Nutcracker syndrome

160
Q

uterine/ovarian varicose veins and chronic pelvic pain for more than 6 months (dilated venous structures adjacent to uterus >4-5mm in diameter, ovarian vein > 6mm and these dilated veins yields slow velocity)

A

pelvic congestion syndrome

161
Q

______is the chosen imaging modality, sonography can be used to confirm PCS, and occasionally be the initial imaging tool where PCS is suspected.

A

venography

162
Q

Clinical Findings of _______

Persistent lower abdominal and back pain after standing for long periods of time
Dull, chronic pelvic pain
Dyspareunia
Dysmenorrhea
Abnormal uterine bleeding
Chronic fatigue
Bowel issues
Coexisting vulvar, perineal, and lower extremity varices

A

Pelvic Congestion Syndrome

163
Q

Sonographic Findings of ________

1.Multiple tortuous and dilated venous structures adjacent to the uterus and ovaries
2.These dilated veins will yield measure greater than 4 to 5 mm in diameter and demonstrate a slow flow velocity with spectral imaging
3.Ovarian vein exceeds 6 mm in diameter

A

Pelvic Congestion Syndrome

164
Q

A complication of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, resulting from ovarian tissue left behind following a procedure

A

ovarian remnant syndrome

165
Q

Clinical Findings of ______ Remnant Syndrome

History of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
Chronic pelvic pain
Cyclic pelvic pain
Possible pelvic mass

A

Ovarian

166
Q

Sonographic Findings of ______Remnant Syndrome

Identifiable ovarian tissue
Possible ovarian/adnexal mass

A

Ovarian

167
Q

Which of the following would be least likely associated with PCS- pelvic congestion syndrome? (right renal vein entrapment, abnormal uterine bleeding, chronic fatigue)

A

right renal vein entrapment

Penny ob/gyn (15 decks)

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