Ch. 15 Gynecologic sonography overview Flashcards
Normal range for body temp
98.6°F (oral)
Normal range for adult pulse
60-100 beats per minute
Normal adult blood pressure
<120/80
Normal adult respiration rate
12-20 breaths per minute
One of the most common causes of nosocomial infections, or hospital-acquired infections, is a _______.
urinary tract infection
_______have been established to reduce the risk of microorganism transmission in the clinical setting. Standard precautions, formerly referred to as universal precautions, include (1) hand hygiene, (2) the use of personal protective equipment, (3) safe injection practices, (4) safe handling of potentially contaminated equipment and surfaces, and (5) respiratory hygiene and coughing etiquette.
Standard precautions
These precautions apply to blood, nonintact skin, mucous membranes, contaminated equipment, and all other body fluids, except for ______.
sweat
One of the most effective means of preventing spread of infection
proper handwashing
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now recommends that health care workers employ the use of an ________rub as the primary mode of hand hygiene in the clinical setting. Traditional handwashing should be used as well when time permits, especially in situations when the hands are visibly soiled.
alcohol-based hand
Following each examination, the transducer, ultrasound machine, stretcher, and any other equipment used during the examination should be thoroughly _______.
disinfected
Following the examination, the endovaginal transducer may be soaked in a high-level disinfectant—occasionally a glutaraldehyde-based solution—and the specified manufacturer’s instructions should be followed. Some institutions may utilize a tabletop unit that employs a _______ disinfection process.
hydrogen peroxide–based
A probe cover is placed on the endovaginal transducer before inserting the transducer into the vagina. Ultrasound gel should be placed in the probe cover over the face of the transducer to _______.
reduce artifacts from air. (ultrasound gel inside the sterile cover-absence of bubbles)
a sonographic procedure that uses saline instillation into the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes to evaluate for internal abnormalities; also referred to as saline infusion sonohysterography
sonohysterogram
Transducers used during invasive procedures should be covered with a _____ probe cover, and ______ultrasound gel should be utilized.
sterile; sterile
Again, if a latex product is going to be utilized during the examination, the sonographer should inquire about latex _______ before the examination.
allergies
sterile field preparation is performed before the sterile procedure as well, and _______, also referred to as surgical asepsis, must be maintained
sterile asepsis (table 15-5 ten vital rules of surgical asepsis to remember)
______allows for both easy storage and comparison between sonographic findings and straightforward correlation between other imaging modality findings.
PACS
Higher frequency =
better resolution & poorer penetration
Lower frequency =
poorer resolution & better penetration
Transducers that may be used for pelvic sonography include linear array, matrix array, curved or convex array, phased array, or the vector or sector array. Transabdominal transducers employ frequencies lower than ___ MHz, unless if the patient is thin.
6
Endovaginal transducers also have varying frequencies but are typically ____ MHz or higher. Higher frequency linear array transducers (7.5 to 18 MHz or higher when appropriate) may be used for superficial structures, such as the ovaries if needed.
7.5
______________may be used for imaging some superficial structures, such as protruding masses just below the skin surface.
A standoff pad or a mound of gel
It is often used to assess or confirm the presence of a uterine malformation, to provide an accurate representation of the location of an intrauterine device, or to investigate the uterine cavity during sonohysterography
3D Sonography
a common form of birth control in which a small device is placed within the endometrium to prevent pregnancy; also referred to as an intrauterine contraceptive device
intrauterine device
Endovaginal imaging is contraindicated for ______.
virginal patients
Ovarian torsion is much more common in ______
adolescense
an abnormality that results from the ovary twisting on its mesenteric connection, consequently cutting off the blood supply to the ovary
ovarian torsion
a mass of tissue that contains abnormal cells; also called a tumor
neoplasm
Adnexal or ovarian ______ can be associated with a large ovarian mass or cyst, or result from the excessive mobility of the adnexal structures.
torsion
birth defect in which the external genitalia appear recognizably neither male nor female (is an indication for pelvic sonography for the newborn infant)
ambiguous genitalia
a chromosomal aberration where one sex chromosome is absent; may also be referred to as monosomy X
Turner syndrome
The role of sonography for patients with ambiguous genitalia is to locate the gonads, to determine the presence or absence of the uterus, and to possibly assess the ______glands for masses or swelling.
adrenal
The most common disorder of sex development is ______, also referred to as monosomy X. These patients suffer from gonadal dysfunction and have physical characteristics such as short stature and webbing of the skin on the neck.
Turner syndrome
Ovarian and uterine masses may become large enough to obstruct the flow of urine from the kidney(s) to the bladder, resulting
hydronephrosis
A ______, which is a kidney located within the pelvis, may also be discovered during a pelvic sonogram and can mimic pathology
pelvic kidney
