Ch. 17 Social Cognitive Theory Flashcards
tenets of social cognitive theory
(1) plasticity = central to human characteristic
- people adapt y change to their environment
(2) emphasis on vicarious learning / watching others
(3) rely on behavioral, environmental (fortuitous events y chance encounters) y personal factors
(4) people have capacity to regulate nature y their lives [agentic perspective]
(5) in morally ambiguous situations, people regulate selves through moral agency
Albert Bandura
Alberta, Canada
professor @ Stanford for over 50yrs
1974 - president of APA
investigates hypotheses generated by social cognitive theory
- *published a lot
- *received many/all psychology awards
observational learning
learn through action of others
- learning can occur in absence of response
- reinforcement or punishment to a response not essential
(ie) modeling
**aka vicarious learning
modeling
involves cognitive processes and not just imitation
- important, core method of learning
- characteristics of models and observers are important
processes governing observational learning
what affects observational learning
Attention
Representation (symbolically in memory)
Behavioral Production
Motivation`
enactive learning
learning from consequences
- inform us of effects of our actions [learn from doing something and its consequence]
- motivate future behaviors
- reinforce behavior (not essential)
variables that affect human action (3)
interact together
environment [social factors]
behavior
person [cognitive processes]
differential contributions
the relative influence of behavior, environment, and person depends on which of the triadic factors is strongest at the moment
- not equal @ all times
(ie) fire increases influence or impact on reaction/behavior
chance encounters / fortuitous events
unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other or environmental experience that is unexpected or unintended
human agency
the capacity to exercise control over our lives
features of human agency:
(1) intentionality
(2) forethought
(3) self-reactiveness
(4) self-reflectiveness
intentionality
(human agency) intentionally performing an action
forethought
(human agency) anticipate and select behaviors for a desired outcome
self-reactiveness
(human agency) monitoring progress toward actions
self-reflectiveness
(human agency) ability to analyze and evaluate motivations, values and effect on other people
- self-efficacy = most important mechanism of reflecting
self-efficacy
people’s expectations and beliefs that they can or cannot execute the action necessary for successful change
- fluctuates based on situation
sources of self-efficacy (4):
mastery experiences
social modeling
social persuasion
physical y emotional states
mastery experiences
(source of self-efficacy) esp. of past performances
- most powerful source of self-efficacy
social modeling
(source of self-efficacy) observing someone succeed or fail
social persuasion
(source of self-efficacy) someone of high status or credibility believes you can succeed/fail
physical y emotional states
(source of self-efficacy)
- moderate anxiety may enhance efficacy
- intense physiological arousal can lower efficacy expectations
proxy agency
(mode of human agency) a person authorized to act for another (indirect of certain aspects of one’s life)
(ie) police, fire department, mechanics
collective efficacy
(mode of human agency) the confidence people have that their combined efforts will produce social change
- sum of each individual’s evaluations of personal capabilities
- each individual member’s confidence in their group
- level of efficacy in a group
self-regulation based on:
external factors
internal factors
internal factors in self-regulation (3)
self-observation
judgmental process
self-reaction
types of judgmental processes:
personal standards
standard of reference
value
performance attribution
personal standards
(internal factor) judgmental process of determining what’s important to the individual
standard of reference
(internal factor) judgmental process of how we compare ourselves to others
value
(internal factor) judgmental process
- high = high effort
- low = low effort
performance attribution
(internal factor) judgmental process of how we attribute our success
self-reaction
(internal factor) how we reinforce or punish ourselves
self-regulation through moral agency
(1) redefine behavior
(2) disregard/distort consequences of behavior
(3) displace or diffuse responsibility
(4) dehumanize or blame victims
moral agency
justification or disengagement of control
redefine behavior
justify otherwise reprehensible actions by a cognitive reconstructuring that allows them to escape responsibility
- self-regulation through moral agency
disregard/distort consequences of behavior
downplay consequences
- self-regulation through moral agency
- may project
(ie) I didn’t hit him that hard
displace or diffuse responsibility
self-regulation through moral agency
(ie) blaming
dehumanize or blame victims
victims @ fault or inhuman
- self-regulation through moral agency
(ie) Nazis + Holocaust
subfunctions of depression
(1) misjudgment of self-observation
(2) harsh judgment - judgmental process
(3) punish self - self-reaction
phobias
fears that have severe debilitating effects on one’s daily life
ways to learn phobias
(1) direct contact
(2) inappropriate generalization
(3) observational experiences
aggression is learned through
(1) observation of others
(2) direct experiences w/ positive or negative reinforcements
(3) training or instructin
(4) bizarre beliefs
Bobo doll experiment (Bandura, 1963)
all experimental groups (live, film, cartoon) showed aggressive behavior after seeing it modeled
social cognitive theory therapy
(1) deviant behaviors = socially learned y maintained b/c they serve a function
(2) ultimate goal: self-regulation
(3) modalities
different modalities
(1) overt or vicarious modeling
(2) covert or cognitive modeling
(3) enactive mastery
overt or vicarious modeling
modality of observing others
(ie) observation of anxiety y phobia
covert or cognitive modeling
modality of visualizing
systematic desentization
treatment technique that involves the extinction of anxiety or fear through self- or therapist-induced relaxation
- enactive mastery
