Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY321 > Ch. 16 Behavioral Analysis > Flashcards

Ch. 16 Behavioral Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

behavioral analysis

A

(1) emerged from laboratory studies of animals y humans
(2) minimized speculation
(3) focus: observable behavior
(4) avoided all hypothetical constructs
(5) best described as radical behaviorism (extreme, no emotions/thoughts considered)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

assumptions about behavior

A

(1) lawfully determined

(2) product of environmental stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

1944 - trained pigeons to guide bombs into enemy ships (used in WWII)

psychologist turned author

**pigeon pecking @ lever experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

E.L. Thorndike

A

law of effect (satisfiers vs. annoyers)

- influenced Skinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

John B. Watson

A

(founder of behaviorism) behavior can be studied objectively

  • consciousness y introspection must play no role in scientific study of behavior
  • goal of psychology = prediction + control of behavior
  • best reached through study of stimulus-response connections
  • influenced Skinner
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

behaviorism

A

a school of psychology that limits its subject matter to observable behavior

  • scientific behaviorism allows for interpretation of behavior, not an explanation of its causes
  • can be generalized
  • philosophy of science
  • founder: Watson
  • most famous: Skinner
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

characteristics of science

A

(1) cumulative, should add up
(2) an attitude that values empirical observation
(3) science = a search for order y lawful relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

classical conditioning

A

a response is drawn out of the organism by a specific, identifiable stimulus

  • behavior elicited from organism
  • a neutral (CS) stimulus is paired w/ US a certain # of times until it is capable of bringing about a previously UR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

operant conditioning

A

organism first does something, reinforced by environment

- reinforcement increases probability that behavior will occur again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

shaping

A

procedure in which experimenter/environment rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations, y finally the desired behavior itself
- via reinforcement of successive approximations, experimental shapes that final set of complex bheaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

conditions present

A

(operant conditioning)
antecedent
behavior
consequence (not always negative)

ABC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

stimulus generalizaiton

A

responding to a similar stimulus but distinct from CS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

reinforcement

A

strengthens behavior by rewarding person

- absence of (+) reinforcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

positive reinforcement

A

a stimulus increases probability of a given behavior to occur again

(ie) hitting a lever dispenses food
(ie) child stops nagging when parent gives into child’s request

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removal of an aversive stimulus from situation that increase the probability of given behavior to occur again
- not punishment

(ie) electric impulse only goes away if hit lever
(ie) parents gives into child’s request to stop the annoying nagging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

punishment

A

presentation of aversive stimulus

  • following behaviors = less predictable
  • can condition (-) feeling
  • typically decrease behavior by suppressing behavior

(ie) spanking
(ie) water sprayed on dog whenever naughty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

primary reinforcer

A

stimulus that is innately satisfying

(ie) food, water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

environmental stimulus that is not innately satisfying but becomes satisfying b/s they are associated w/ such unlearned or primary reinforcers

(ie) money

19
Q

generalized reinforcer

A

stimulus associated w/ more than 1 primary reinforce

(ie) money
(ie) attention
(ie) affection
(ie) approval

20
Q

schedules of reinforcement

A

ratio

interval

21
Q

ratio

A

number of responses

(ie) fixed-ratio
(ie) variable-ratio

22
Q

interval

A

time interval

(ie) fixed-interval
(ie) variable-intervale

23
Q

types of intervals

A

fixed-ratio
variable-ratio
fixed-interval
variable-interval

24
Q

fixed-ratio

A

example:

paying a brick layer for every 10 bricks he lays

25
Q

variable-ratio

A

example:

slot machines

**gives the highest rate of responses

26
Q

fixed-interval

A

example:

salary payment schedule

27
Q

variable-interval

A

example:

checking your email at random times throughout the day instead of checking every time a single message is delivered

28
Q

extinction

A

tendency of previously acquired response to become progressively weakened upon non-reinforcement

29
Q

operant extinction

A

when an experimenter systematically withholds reinforcement

30
Q

human personality shaped by:

A

(1) individual contingencies of reinforcement
(2) natural selection
(3) cultural evolution

31
Q

natural selection

A

behavior that is beneficial to species will be repeated

32
Q

cultural evolution

A

historically cooperative societies survive

33
Q

inner-states

A

self-awareness
drives
emotions
purpose + intention (exist but do not cause behavior)

34
Q

complex behavior

A

higher mental processes
- reinforcement of covert responses

(ie) problem-solving
(ie) creativity
(ie) unconscious behavior
(ie) dreams
(ie) social behavior

35
Q

unconscious behavior

A

behavior we don’t think about

36
Q

dreams

A

(ie) wish-fulfillment

37
Q

social behavior

A

one member of a group may be reinforcing for another individual

  • may not have means to leave group
  • reinforcement or reward may be intermittent
38
Q

human behavior controlled by:

A

social-control

self-control

39
Q

social-control

A

how society controls:

operant conditioning
describing contingencies [(ie.) threats, ads] [(ie.) if this, then that]
deprivation + satiation [(ie) food, water]
physical restraint [(ie) prison] - doesn’t limit personal freedom

40
Q

self-control

A

manipulating variables w/in one’s own environment

41
Q

counteracting strategies

A

(unhealthy personality)
escape
revolt
passive resistance

42
Q

inappropriate behavior

A

learned behavior shaped by negative reinforcement

(ie) excessively vigorous behavior
(ie) excessively restrained behavior
(ie) blocking out reality
(ie) self-deluding responses
(ie) self-punishment

43
Q

behavioral psychotherapy

A

(1) psychotherapy viewed as one of the major obstacles to a scientific study of human behavior
(2) therapist molds desirable behavior by reinforcing slightly improved change in behavior
(3) behavior therapists play active role in treatment process, using behavior modification technology y pointing out positive consequences of some behavior and aversive effects of others

PSY321 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions