Ch. 17 Flashcards
Asepsis
Freedom from infection
Bacteria
Prokaryotic, ubiquitous, single-celled organisms
Blood-borne Pathogens
Disease causing microorganisms that may be present in human blood
Cyst
Stage in the life cycle of certain parasites during which they are enclosed in a protective wall
Dimorphic
Occurring in two distinct forms
Diseases
Decorations from or interruptions of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system of the body that are exhibited by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose cause, pathologic mechanism, and prognosis is may be known or unknown
Disinfectants
Chemicals used to free an environment from pathogenic organisms or the render such organisms inert, especially as applied to the treatment of inanimate materials to reduce or eliminate infections organisms
Eukaryotes
Organisms whose cells have a true nucleus
Flora
Microbial community found on or in a healthy person
Fomite
An object such as a book, wooden object, or article of clothing that is not in itself harmful, but is able to harbor pathogenic microorganisms in this may serve as an agent of transmission of an infection
Fungi
General term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeast, rust, molds, and smuts- that are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the parents of a rigid cell wall
Healthcare-Associated Infection (HIA)
Infection that patients acquire while they are receiving treatment for another healthcare issue
Host
Animal or plant that harbors or nourishes another organism
Iatrogenic
Resulting from the activities of physicians
Immunity
Security against a particular disease
Infection
Medical Asepsis
Microorganisms
Nosocomial
Pathogens
Prokaryotes
Protozoa
Reservoir
Standard Precautions
Sterilization
destruction or eliminate of all living microorganisms accomplished by physical methods (dry or moist heat), chemical agents (ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, alcohol), radiation (ultraviolet, cathode), or mechanical methods (filtration)
(Limit it to zero)
Vaccine
Vector
A carrier, especially an animal that transfers an infective agent from one host to another
Virion
Viruses
any of a group of minute infectious agents not resolved in the light microscope, with certain exceptions (e.g., poxvirus), and characterized by a lack of independent metabolism as well as the ability to replicate only within living host cells
(common cold )
Lyme disease is a condition caused by bacteria carried by deer ticks. The tick bite may cause fever, fatigue, and other associated symptoms. This is an example of transmission of an infection by:
A vector
Streptococci and bacilli are classified as what type of microorganisms?
Bacteria
The process of establishment and growth of a microorganism on or in a host is referred to as:
Infection
Bacteria have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT they:
are eukaryotic organisms.
have the ability to produce endospores.
are single-cell organisms.
may live on a host in a colony form.
are eukaryotic organisms
(Bacteria is prokaryotic)
Any microorganism that causes disease is:
Pathogenic
All of the following are related except?
Fungi
Protozoa
Viruses
Bacillus
Bacillus
Once an organism is infected and by the time symptoms of the infectious process manifest, several steps have taken place. These steps consist of:
1. multiplication and spread.
2. encounter and entry.
3. host.
4. damage.
5. reservoir.
6. fomite.
7. outcome.
A) 1, 2, 3, and 4 only
B) 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 only
C) 3 and 6 only
D) 1, 2, 4, and 7 only
D) 1, 2, 4 and 7 only
All of the following are viral infections EXCEPT:
cold sores.
tinea pedis.
common cold.
warts.
tinea pedis (Fungal infection)
Which of the following is the most effective method for achieving medical asepsis?
A) Frequent hand washing
B) Having most employees in perfect health
C) Changing linen after every patient
D) Cleaning the radiographic table weekly
A) Frequent Handwashing
When a disease is spread by an insect depositing the pathogens on or in a human, it is transmitted by what method?
Vector
By what method are pathogens spread when a person coughs or sneezes?
Droplet
Which of the following is not a method of sterilization?
Autoclaving
Moist heat
Steam under pressure
Hand washing
Hand washing
Chemical substances capable of killing pathological microbes are termed:
Bactericidal
The spread of infection via contaminated food referenced is spread by:
Fomite
At the conclusion of an interventional radiographic examination, the examination room is cleaned and major components are wiped down with chemical disinfectants. By performing this important task the radiographer is practicing:
medical asepsis
A nosocomial infection is an:
infection acquired in a hospital
The chain of infection consists of:
fomite, vector, reservoir, breachment.
bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi.
host, infectious microbe, mode of transmission, reservoir.
encounter, entry, spread, multiplication, outcome.
host, infectious microbe, mode of transmission, reservoir
All of the following are possible sources of nosocomial infection EXCEPT:
transfer of pathogenic microbes from a Foley catheter to a patient.
contamination of a surgical instrument in the surgical theater.
transfer of microbes through hand contact with a waitress in the coffee shop adjacent to the hospital.
placement of an unclean radiographic receptor against a patient’s wound during a portable examination.
transfer of microbes through hand contact with a waitress in the coffee shop adjacent to the hospital
A few days after a stereotactic breast biopsy performed by a radiologist in a breast imaging center the patient returns to her physician with an obvious infection at the incision site. This would be an example of an:
Iatrogenic infection
Two blood-borne pathogens of particular importance to hospital personnel are:
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV
In a hospital setting, constant awareness is given to the simple fact that patients come to the hospital because they are sick and vulnerable to disease. With the current system of medical care, by the time patients come to the hospital setting for care, they are sicker than ever in the past. The most common nosocomial infection seen in hospital patients is:
Urinary tract infections from Foley catheter insertions
When you and a colleague perform a portable chest radiograph on a patient with contact precautions, it would be appropriate to:
- place the cassette in a protective bag before exposure and dispose of the bag properly after exposure.
- wash your hands only after the examination has been completed.
- remove jewelry and place it in a safe place.
- put on a clean mask, clean gloves, and clean gown (your assistants need not do so as they are not going to touch the patient); put on a lead apron outside of the clean gown
- greet the patient professionally and explain what you are going to do.
- have your assistant position the receptor behind the patient.
- after exposure, remove the gown, mask, and gloves and discard them when you return to radiology.
1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 only
1, 3, and 5 only
1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 only
2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 only
B) 1, 3, and 5 only
The single greatest measure that can be done to prevent the spread of infection is:
Proper HandWashing!
A pathogen that requires contact precautions is:
MRSA
A person who acts as a reservoir of pathogenic organisms is referred to as a carrier. An example of a carrier is a:
co-worker who has the clinical symptoms of a cold.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the major causes of death in the United States were ____
Microbial infection diseases
Many microorganisms can grow in or on a host organism and cause disease. These diseases are known as:
Infections
Only when infection results and injury to the host is the host said to have disease.
Most often pathogens have availability to do one of three functions extremely well, namely the three functions:
1) multiply in large numbers and cause obstruction
2) can cause tissue damage
3) they can secrete organic substances called exotoxins
Pathogens are divided into four basic infection agents, name them:
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Protozoan Parasites
What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes- lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes- have a true nucleus
Morphology is:
The size and shape of a bacterium and is routinely determined by a simple staining technique called Gram Staining
Fungi are much ____ than bacteria
Larger
What are Protozoa and how are they classified?
Unicellular organisms that are neither plants or animals
- Classified according to their motility
- Eukaryotes
The establishment of an infectious disease the sixth step process, what are the six steps?
1) encounter
2) entry
3) spread
4) multiplication
5) damage
6) outcome
What is the chain of infection?
Host - Infectious Microorganisms - Mode of Transmission - Reservoir
What are the routes for disease transmission?
Airborne, Droplet, Contact
What is the difference between iatrogenic and nosocomial infections?
iatrogenic- infection that is the result of intervention w/a physician after a treatment
nosocomial- hospital-acquired condition- at least 48 hours later
How many factors are there for the increasing potential for nosocomial infections? List them
_____ MUST be done if the hands are visibly soiled.
Handwashing
What two types of blood-borne pathogens are of main concern in a hospital?
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
What does an autoclave and what does it do?
Moist heat that involves using steam under pressure, to get rid of bacteria
What is the difference between the three transmission base precautions?
The medically important bacteria are classified into what three general morphologies?
- Cocci or Spheres
- Bacilli or Rods
- Spirals
What are protozoan parasites and how are they classified?
Protozoa parasites are unicellular organisms that are neither plants for animals
Protozoa are classified by their mobility
What are the four things needed for infection to be transmitted?
- A host
- an infectious microorganism
- a mode of transmission
- a reservoir
What is the difference between a vector and a formite?
A vector is a carrier, especially an animal, that transfers an infective agent from one host to another
A fomite is an object that in itself is not harmful, but is able to harbor pathogenic microorganisms and may serve as an agent of transmission of an infection
What is a carrier?
A person who acts as a reservoir of pathogenic organisms
What are the two types of fungi that are medically important?
Mold and Yeast
What is the order in which you put on attire for contact precautions?
HandWash
Lead
Gown
Mask
Hairnet
Gloves
What is the order in which you remove your contact precautions attire?
Gown
Gloves
Hairnet
Mask
Handwash
The chain of infection consists of:
host, infectious microbe, mode of transmission, reservoir.
Chemical substances capable of killing pathologic microbes are termed
bactericidal
At the conclusion of an interventional radiographic examination, the examination room is cleaned, and major components are wiped down with chemical disinfectants. By performing this important task, the radiographer is practicing:
medical asepsis
A nosocomial infection is an
infection acquired in a hospital; at least 48 hours later
A few days after a stereotactic breast biopsy performed by a radiologist in a breast imaging center, the patient returns to her physician with an obvious infection at the incision site. This is an example of a(n)
iatrogenic infection; infection that is the result of intervention w/ a n physician after treatment
A pathogen that requires contact precautions is
MRSA, hepatitis A
What is an Asepsis technique we may perform?
Lumbar Puncture
What’s an example of an airborne disease?
TB Tuberculosis
