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Patient Care > Ch. 16 > Flashcards

Ch. 16 Flashcards

1
Q

___________ is the product of heart rate and stroke volume and is the vital event necessary to maintain blood flow through the cardiovascular system.

A

Cardiac Output

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2
Q

Systolic pressures greater than ____ mm Hg generally ensure adequate perfusion of tissues

A

90

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3
Q

The ventricles will fill with blood during _____ (at rest) and eject blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta during ______.

A

diastole
systole

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4
Q

Regarding the electrocardiographic tracing, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
a. repolarization of atrial muscle cells is represented by the P wave.
b. the QRS-complex represents depolarization of ventricular muscle cells
c. the S portion of the QRS complex represents a return to the baseline (isoelectric point).
d. the U wave is theorized to represent repolarization of the papillary muscles and Purkinje fibers

A

a. repolarization of atrial muscle cells is represented by the P wave.

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5
Q

When multiplying heart rate times stroke volume, the produce is:

A

cardiac output

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6
Q

Depending on the cause and severity of an arrhythmia, treatment may include which of the following?
a. cardiac pacemakers or ICD devices
b. ablation therapy
c. cardioversion external shock therapy
d. all of the above might be useful in treating an arrhythmia

A

d. all of the above might be useful in treating an arrhythmia

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7
Q

Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the chambers of the heart are controlled by principal cell types to include which of the following?
1. working cardiac cells
2. specialized neural conductive cells
3. striated muscle cells
a. 1, 2
b. 1, 3
c. 2, 3
d. 1, 2, and 3

A

a. 1, 2

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8
Q

All of the following are true of atrial fibrillation EXCEPT:
a. it is always fatal
b. it is caused by additional ectopic pacemaker firings in the atria that exceed SA node firings.
c. the atria syncytium quivers instead of fully contracting.
d. formation of atrial emboli is a potential complication

A

a. it is always fatal

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9
Q

To ensure a normal sequence for each cardiac cycle, each P wave should be followed by a:

A

QRS Complex

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10
Q

When the resting membrane potential is reversed, ______ occurs and myocardial cells are stimulated to contract.

A

Depolarization

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11
Q

All of the following are visible on an ECG tracing EXCEPT:
a. depolarization of atrial muscle
b. atrial contraction
c. depolarization of ventricular muscle
d. repolarization of ventricular muscle

A

b. atrial contraction

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12
Q

For analysis of an ECG tracing, which of the following below indicates regular rhythm?
1. QRS complexes (RR intervals) are consistent for evaluating ventricular rhythm.
2. The duration of the QRS complex exceeds 0.20 seconds (five small squares on the ECG)
3. Intervals between P waves (PP intervals) are consistent for atrial rhythm.
a. 1, 2
b. 1, 3
c. 2, 3
d. 1, 2, and 3

A

b. 1, 3

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13
Q

Action Potential

A

Processes of depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac membrane

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14
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Irregularity of cardiac actions associated with psychologic or pathologic interruption of the neuro conductive tissues of the heart (also synonymous with dysrhythmia)

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15
Q

Automaticity

A

Process whereby cardiac cell membranes spontaneously depolarize at recurrent periods

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16
Q

Asystole

A

There is no evidence of any cardiac neuro conductive activity (full cardiac arrest)

17
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slowness of the heartbeat as evidenced by slowing of the pulse rate to less than 60 beats per min

18
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

Events that occur from the beginning of one ventricular contraction (systole) until the beginning of another

19
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Amount of blood ejected from the ventricles each minute; calculated as the product of stroke volume times heart rate

20
Q

Depolarization

A

Myocardial cells are stimulated to contract

21
Q

Fibrillation

A

Quivering concentration of cardiac muscle fibers

22
Q

Repolarization

A

Myocardial muscle cells relax

23
Q

Tachycardia

A

Heart rate above 100 beats/min

24
Q

What is observed from an ECG or an electrocardiogram?

A

The action potentials of the atrial and ventricular muscle cells

25
Q

The SA node is also known as ____ of the heart.

A

the pacemaker

26
Q

Summary of Events of a Cardiac Cycle:

Only three are observed on an ECG.

A

1) SA Node fires (not visible on EKG)
2) Depolarization of atrial muscle: P Wave
3) Atrial contraction (not visible on EKG)
4) Depolarization of AV node (not visible on EKG)
5) Repolarization of atrial muscle (not visible on EKG)
6) Depolarization of ventricular muscle (QRS Complex)
7) Contraction of ventricular muscle (not visible)
8) Repolarization of ventricular muscle: T Wave

27
Q

What is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias?

A

Atrial Fibrillation

28
Q

What are some common treatments of cardiac arrhythmias?

A

Drug Therapy
External Shock Therapy
Pacemakers and ICDs

29
Q

Diastolic pressures greater than ____ mm Hg generally ensure adequate perfusion of tissues

A

60

30
Q

Resting membrane potential is maintained by an active transport mechanism called the _______

A

Sodium potassium ion pump

31
Q

What is observed on an ECG tracing?

A

action potentials of the atrial and ventricular muscle cells

32
Q

Represents depolarization of atrial muscle cells on an EKG is the:

A

P Wave; SA Node fires

33
Q

Represents depolarization of ventricular muscle cells on an EKG is the:

A

QRS Complex

34
Q

Repolarization of ventricular muscles on an EKG is the:

A

T Wave

35
Q

Represents repolarization of the papillary muscles and Purkinje fibers:

A

U Wave

36
Q

Each cardiac cycle begins with a spontaneous neural impulses generated by the ____

A

SA Node

37
Q

The depolarization period is ____

A

Short

38
Q

Mediastinal drains (small chest tubes) are used after _____

A

Cardiac Surgery, to drain residual blood from the mediastinum

Patient Care (10 decks)

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