Ch . 15 Flashcards
Apnea
cessation of spontaneous breathing
Atelectasis
absence of gas from part or the whole of the lungs as a result of failure of expansion or reabsorption of gas from the alveoli
What is Auscultation?
Pluses obtained in this manner are called___
listening to sounds within the body, ( the heart) typically through the use of a stethoscope
- Apical pulses (chest)
Body Temperature
measurement of the degree of heat of the deep tissues of the human body
Bradycardia / Pulse Rate
slowness of the heartbeat as evidenced by slowing of the pulse rate to less than 60 beats per minute (BPM)
Bradypnea
Abnormal slowness of breathing
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
Diastolic
pertaining to dilation, or a period of relaxation of the heart, especially of the ventricles (relaxing)
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing; AKA shortness of breath (SOB)
Febrile
pertaining to or characterized by fever (patient with a fever)
Homeostasis
constancy in the internal environment of the body, naturally maintained by adaptive responses to promote healthy survival
What is hypertension and what is its range?
- persistently high arterial blood pressure
- Greater than 140/90 mmHg
What is Hyperthermia?
When the oral temperature is higher than ___ , a fever exists.
- Abnormally high body temperature, especially that induced for therapeutic purposes
- Higher than 99.5
What is hypotension, and what is the range?
-abnormally low blood pressure; seen in shock but not necessarily indicative of shock
- Less than 95/60 mmHg or 90/60 ??
Hypothermia, Below ______
low body temperature, below 97.7
Hypoxemia
decreased oxygen tension (concentration) in the blood
Hypoxia
Reduction of oxygen supply to the tissue
Intubation
insertion of a tubular device into a canal, hollow organ, or cavity
Orthopnea
difficulty breathing except when sitting up or standing erect
Pleural Effusion
increased amounts of fluid within the pleural cavity, usually the result of inflammation
pneumothorax
presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity
Pulse Oximeter
photoelectric device used for determining the oxygen saturation of the blood
Respiration
action of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide during breathing
sphygmomanometer
an instrument for measuring blood pressure
Systolic
Pertaining to tightening, or a period of contraction of the heart (myocardium), especially that of the ventricles
(contracting)
Tachycardia / Greater than ___
The rapidity of the heart action, usually defined as a heart rate greater than 100 BPM
What is tachypnea?
Tachypnea is greater than ____ and name common a few common causes of tachypnea:
abnormal rapidity of breathing, greater than 20 breaths/min in the case of an adult patient
- Fever, anxiety, pain, infection, heart failure, chest trauma, decreased oxygen in the blood, and central nervous system disease
Tidal Volume
Volume of air inhaled and exhaled during one respiratory cycle
Ventilation
Mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs
Rectal thermometry is believed to be the most accurately reflect core body temperature measures. Use of which alternative thermometer provides a measure that closely correlates to the rectal method?
temporal artery
A patient is thought to have a separate cardiac arrest. The_________ peripheral artery may be assessed to verify the effectiveness of chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Femoral
Radial
In the healthy adult, the normal range for blood pressure is
Systolic less than 120 mm Hg, diastolic less than 80mm Hg
Hypoxia is
a state describing oxygen-deficient tissue
What device can be classified as a high-oxygen delivery device?
air-entrainment mask
Regarding oxygen delivery, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
- Oxygen dose is ordered in liters per minute or in concentration as a fractional concentration of oxygen
- The oxygen flow meter is green
- The maximum dose should always be given to obtain the desired result
- The regulator attached to the oxygen tank consists of a flowmeter and pressure manometer
The maximum dose should always be given to obtain the desired result
An artificial airway is inserted into a patient’s trachea and connected to a mechanical ventilator. In this circumstance, all of the following are true statements EXCEPT:
- The ventilator delivers a minimum set respiratory rate
- A consistent Fi02 is delivered
- The inspirator volume is reset
- During chest imaging, the radiographer must fully extend the patient’s neck for proper head position
- During chest imaging, the radiographer must fully extend the patient’s neck for proper head position
Thoracostomy tubes are:
Chest tubes used to drain the intrapleural space
A patient is admitted to the emergency room and chest images are ordered. The order states the following: unless sitting up or standing erect, the patient has dyspnea. In this case, the patient has which of the following
orthopnea
The primary mechanism (s) that maintains homeostasis are:
heartbeat
blood pressure
body temperature
respiratory rate
electrolyte balance
Vital signs are (4):
body temperature
pulse rate
blood pressure
respiratory rate
5 common routes to measure body temperature are:
Oral (98.6)
axillary (97.6)
tympanic (97.6)
temporal (100)
rectal (99.6)
Normal Temperature Range
97.7-99.5
The normal pulse for adults and children:
Adult 60-100 beats/min
Child 70-120 beats/min
The normal respirations ranges for adults, children, newborns:
Adult 12-20 breathes/min
Child 20-30 breathes/min
Newborn 30-60 breaths/min
The normal blood pressure for adults and children:
Systolic <120 mm Hg
Diastolic <80 mm Hg
What are the three common sites used to measure pulse rate?
-The radial artery; on the thumb side of the wrist
-The brachial artery; in the antecubital fossa of adults and the upper arm of infants
-The carotid artery; in the neck
The turbulent sound of blood flow through the arteries during blood pressure measurement is called:
Korotkoff sounds
How many minutes does it take to have irreversible damage to the brain without oxygen?
approximately 6 minutes
Tissue (s) most sensitive to hypoxia are:
Brain, Heart, Lungs, and Liver
what color is the oxygen cylinder or flowmeter?
Green
The most common device used to deliver low concentrations of oxygen is the:
nasal cannula
The body’s feedback processes are predominantly…..
Negative!
What is the major muscle of ventilation?
The diaphragm
______ is the term used to describe the body’s maintenance of heat production and heat loss.
The ____ plays an important role in regulating heat loss and can initiate peripheral vasodilation and sweating to dissipate body heat.
- Thermoregulation
- Hypothalamus
What makes up 21% of the atmospheric gas?
Oxygen
Oxygen delivery devices are designed to operate at a certain number of ____
L/min value
About ______ of acute care patients require oxygen treatment/therapy.
Why?
- 1/3 because the cardiopulmonary cycle is very physically taxing on the body
Name the type of oxygen device using the following description:
A low-flow device, covering the patient’s nose and mouth, with small holes on either side that serve as outlet ports for exhaled gas.
Straps around the patient’s face.
These require greater than 6 liters per minute!!
Simple Oxygen Mask
Name the type of oxygen device using the following description:
A low-flow device that can deliver a higher percentage of O2 than the nasal cannula or simple mask. It has small holes on either side that serve as ports for exhaled gas, however, it also has bags attached called reservoirs that fill a portion of a patient’s exhaled gas.
The flow must be set at a minimum of 10 L/min.
Partial rebreathing mask
Name the type of oxygen device using the following description:
Similar to a partial rebreathing mask, with the addition of one-way valves over the small holes on the side of the mask, used to minimize the dilution of oxygen in the room’s air.
The flow must be set at a minimum of 10 L/min.
Nonrebreathing Oxygen Mask
Name the type of oxygen device using the following description:
High-flow devices that generate an aerosol mist with precise oxygen concentrations; can be connected via tubing to an aerosol face mask, tracheostomy mask, collar, or an adapter for endotracheal tubes.
Flow rate of at least 8 L/min
Large Volume Nebulizer
Name the type of oxygen device using the following description:
A high-flow device, that is constructed to provide an accurate concentration of oxygen to the patient by propelling a high-velocity oxygen source through a narrowed opening near the mask. This method results in room air being drawn into the mask.
Air Entrainment Mask
The most common device used to deliver low concentrations of oxygen is ____
For adults using this device, the standard flow range is between _____ & ____ .
- Nasal Cannula
- Between 1 L/min and 6 L/min
Who usually uses tents and oxyhoods?
Pediatric patients
Name the type of chest tube/line using the following description:
Used to manage a variety of respiratory complications. Indications for use include a need for mechanical ventilation, upper airway obstruction, impending gastric reflux or aspiration, and provisions for tracheobronchial lavage. Typically accomplished via mouth or nose but may require a tracheostomy.
Endotracheal Tubes
Name the type of chest tube/line using the following description:
These are most commonly used to drain the intrapleural space and the mediastinum
Thoracostomy tube or more commonly called chest tube
Name the type of chest tube/line using the following description:
This is a catheter that is inserted into a large central vein.
They are used for administering drugs, managing fluid volume, serving as a conduit for blood analysis and transfusions, and monitoring cardiac pressures
Central Venous Lines
All of the following are related except
A. nasal cannula
B. facial mask
C. thoracostomy tube
D. tent and oxy hood
thoracostomy tube
Swan-Ganz catheter is used to:
measure pulmonary wedge pressure
The ideal location of the endotracheal tube tip is:
Distal tip 1 to 2 inches above the carina
What is a common complication associated with CD line placement?
Pneumothorax or hemothorax
To relieve a large tension pneumothorax what kind of tube is inserted into the patient?
Thoracostomy Tube also called a Chest Tube
A patient is thought to have had a cardiac arrest. The patient’s pulse should be checked at what artery?
Carotid
You have completed the portable chest radiograph on a patient in the ICU.
The images are positioned correctly and have acceptable image quality. When the correct placement of a intravenous line using it right-sided approach is assessed the catheter tip shouldn’t _____ and should be located _____
cross the midline of the patient, and should be located in the superior vena cava
A patient who has a temporal artery temperature of 100F is
Normal
The peak blood pressure reading, when measuring blood pressure is
systolic pressure
All of the following are related except
A. oral
B. tympanic
C. inguinal
D. rectal
inguinal
Thoracostomy tubes are used to
Drain fluid in the intrapleural space Reestablish negative intrapleural pressure
While performing a portable chest radiograph on an uncooperative patient with a CV line inserted, you know that the catheter fixation material has loosened. Your responsibility as a professional radiographer is to
Inform the patient’s nurse of the catheter issue before taking the radiographs
A reliable device to measure oxygen saturation levels of arterial blood is a
pulse oximeter
To measure blood pressure, you will need a
stethoscope and sphygmomanometer
A Swanz-Ganz catheter differs from a central venous (CV) catheter in that Swanz-Ganz:
A. lines measure arterial pressure in the wedge position and reflect pressure in the left atrium
B. catheters may be single lumen or multi-lumen design, with a pressure electrode and cuff at the distal end
C. catheters are named after Jeremy Swan and William Ganz developers
D. all of the above are true
ALL are true
When “high-flow” oxygen therapy is given, the ____ method is used
air-entrainment mask
Body homeostasis is often referred to as the body’s “steady state” and is maintained by important body systems using physiologic feedback loops. Vital signs are an excellent indicator of the body’s response to conditions and therapies the patient is undergoing. A key strength of using vital signs as an indicator of homeostasis is that they:
can be assessed quickly, and the data revealed are objective
Adequate breathing consists of
A. good respiratory rate
B. good respiratory depth
C. 10 to 12 breaths/min
D. all of the above
D. All the above
The objective of oxygen therapy is to:
increase the O2 concentration going to the patient
The levels of blood pressure that are read on a sphygmomanometer are:
systolic (upper number) over diastolic (lower number)
All of the following are true of oxygen therapy except:
- Oxygen is listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia and is defined as a drug in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1962.
- Similar to any drug, oxygen has both good and bad biological effects; the minimum dose should always be given to obtain the desired result and no more. Therefore, a physician must prescribe oxygen.
- Oxygen therapy can be prescribed by pharmacists and respiratory therapists.
oxygen therapy can be prescribed by pharmacists and respiratory therapists
The preferred location of a central venous line (CV line) tip is the:
superior vena cava
What is the average oral temperature?
Oral (98.6)
What is the average tympanic temperature?
97.6
What is the average temporal artery temperature?
100.0
What is the average rectal temperature?
99.6
What is the average axillary temperature?
97.6
What is the ideal location of endotracheal tube tip?
In the trachea, one to 2 inches above the carina
Pulmonary Arterial (PA) lines are commonly called:
Swan-Ganz catheters
What oxygen mask requires a flow rate greater than 6 L/min?
Simple Oxygen Mask
What oxygen mask (s) must have a flow set at a minimum of 10 L/min?
Partial Breathing Mask and Nonrebreathing Oxygen Mask
What requires a flow of at least 8 L/min?
Large Volume Nebulizer
High-flow nasal cannulas have flow rates ___
up to 60 L/min
Medically induced hypothermia maybe used during _____
Heart Surgery
What are the five types of oxygen masks, and what is the flow rate of each?
1) Simple- Greater than 6 L/min
2) Non Rebreathing- minimum of 10 L/min
3) Partial Rebreathing- minimum of 10 L/min
4) Large Volume Nebulizers- at least 8 L/min
5) Air Entrainment
Endonronchial tubes are designed so that the tip is inserted in_____
One of the main-steam bronchi
Thoracotomy Tubes (chest tubes) insertion vary depending on the need….
In the case of, hemothorax and pleural effusions, where is typical insertion?
fifth to sixth intercostal spaces and laterally at the midaxillary line
Thoracotomy Tubes can be inserted as high as ____ and as low as _____
the fourth, and as low as the eighth rib
Thoracotomy Tubes (chest tubes) insertion vary depending on the need….
In the case of pneumothoraxes, where is the tube inserted?
Apical Region
The normal range for O2 is:
95-100%
Blood pressure is recorded in:
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
________ ________ are used to manage a variety of respiratory complications. Indications include:
1. need mechanical ventilation or O2 delivery
2. inadequate arterial oxygenation
3. parenchymal diseases that impair gas exchange
4. upper-airway obstruction
5. impending gastric acid reflux or aspiration
6. Tracheobronchial lavage
A radiograph is needed for placement.
endotracheal tube
catheter that is inserted into a large vein
central venous line (CV)
Three types of CV lines are:
- Port-A Cath (chemotherapy)
- PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter)
- Swan-Ganz catheter
Working cells are…..
Specialized cells include….
- the cardiac muscle or myocardium of the atria and ventricles
- SA node, AV node, bunch of His and Purkinje fibers
A serious arrhythmia that is life threatening is:
Ventricular Fibrillation
