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ANATOMY > ch 16 > Flashcards

ch 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A
  • they provide information about external and internal environments
  • respond to a stimulus
  • Each type of receptor responds best to a type of stimulus
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2
Q

Each type of receptor responds best to a type of ? Example?

A

Stimulus
Ex: light energy for eye receptors; sound energy for ear receptors

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3
Q

What is sensation?

A
  • A stimulus we are consciously aware of
  • a lot of sensory input goes to other areas of the brain
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4
Q

To enter consciousness, signals must reach the _______ ________

A

cerebral cortex

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5
Q

What is the number of stimuli that results in sensation?

A

Only a fraction

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6
Q

Sensation can be categorized into two portions. What are the two portions?

A

General & specialized

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7
Q

What is somatic sensation? Give examples

A

Touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception, nociception

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8
Q

What is visceral sensation? Give examples

A

Pressure/pain on internal organs

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9
Q

What is specialized sensation? Examples?

A

Vision, hearing, taste, balance, smell

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10
Q

What is perception?

A

Assigning meaning to sensation information

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11
Q

What are the three ways to classify sensory receptors?

A

Location, Modality, Structure

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12
Q

General senses can be classified as either ______ or ______

A

Somatic & visceral

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13
Q

What are exteroreceptors? Example ?

A

Respond to stimuli originating in external
Situated at or near body surfaces
Exam ; receptors in the skin/ thermoreceptoes

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14
Q

What are interoreceptors?

A

Respond to changes in bodies internal environment
Visceral, interoreceptors; detect changes with an internal organs
Somatic interoreceptors found within Muscoskeletal, detect changes in bones and muscles

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15
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

Sense changes in temperature

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16
Q

What are chemoreceptors ?
Ex?

A

Sense changes in chemicals
Example ; smell ,taste , blood, gases

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17
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?ex?

A

Sense stress and changes in pressure , gravity, cell volume shape / position, touch itch and movement

Example; propioreceptors

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18
Q

What are nocireceptors ?

A

Send tissue damage, physical, or thermal injury

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19
Q

Receptor _____ helps determine stimulus duration

A

Adaptation

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20
Q

Adaptation is ?
Example?

A
  • decreased sensitivity to continuous stimulus
    ex: eyes adjusting to dark room, not noticing/feeling shoes after wearing them for a couple hours
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21
Q

Tonic receptors show how limited _____ is

A

adaptation

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22
Q

Tonic receptors ?
Ex?

A

respond continuously

Ex: head position receptors in inner ear; all pain receptors

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23
Q

What are phasic receptors?
Ex?

A

they adapt rapidly; only respond to new stimuli
ex: pressure receptors

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24
Q

Sensory unit ?

A

sensation generated by a sensory neuron and all its receptors

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25
Q

Receptive field?

A

area of a surface covered by a single sensory unit

a larger sensory field means it is harder to localize the stimulus

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26
Q

_______ detect sensations of cold and heat …

A

thermoreceptors

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27
Q

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels

A

open at different temperatures and release Calcium to detect temperature changes in humans

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28
Q

What are the 4 general features of nociceptors?

A

Nociceptors are concentrated in areas more prone to injury

Absent from brain and sparse on most internal organs

very slowly or non-adapting

respond to cellular damage, noxious chemicals and signals released by the body itself

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29
Q

Nociceptors respond to which four types of pain?

A

Fast pain
Slow pain
Acute pain
Chronic pain
Visceral pain

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30
Q

What are special senses? (5)

A

Smell
Taste
Sight
Hearing
Balance

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31
Q

What is the function of eyebrows?

A

Provide shade and inhibit sweat

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32
Q

What is the function of eyelids (palpebrae) with conjunctiva?

A

spreads oil, mucus, and saline

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33
Q

function of conjuncitva?

A

thin transparent mucous membrane

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34
Q

function of palpebral fissure?

A

space between eyelids

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35
Q

Function of canthi?

A

lateral and medial, eyelids meet
medial canthus has caruncle with modified sweat and sebaceous glands

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36
Q

Function of eyelashes?

A

Double/triple row of hairs. Tarsal glands at inner margins produce sebum & allow eyelids to be airtight when closed

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37
Q

What is the lacrimal gland’s function?

A

produces tears

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38
Q

What is the process of tear formation and excretion?

A

tears begin in lacrimal gland and drain from lacrimal puncta at corners of eyes into the lacrimal sac where the fluid will be drained into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct

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39
Q

Superior rectus function ?

A

Upward movement of eye

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40
Q

Inferior rectus function?

A

downward movement of eye

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41
Q

Superior oblique function?

A

downward and lateral movement of eye

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42
Q

Inferior oblique function?

A

upward and lateral movement of eye

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43
Q

lateral rectus function?

A

Lateral rotation of eye

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44
Q

Medial rectus function?

A

medial rotation of eye

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45
Q

What is the white outer layer of the eye called?

A

Sclera

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46
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

maintains shape, protects internal structures, provides muscle attachment point, continuous with cornea

Has dense collagenous connective tissue w/elastic fibers. Collagen fibers are large and opaque

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47
Q

What is the transparent window continuous anteriorly with the sclera called?

A

cornea

48
Q

What is the cornea? made of? water content? function?

A

connective tissue matrix containing collagen, elastic fibers, and proteoglycanas

layer of stratified squamous epithelium on the outer surface. Collagen fibers are small, thus transparent

More proteoglycans than sclera, low water content (water would scatter light)

Avascular, transparent, allows light to enter eye; bends and refracts eye

49
Q

What is the white part of the eye called?

A

the sclera

50
Q

What is the pigmented part of the eye called?

A

Iris

51
Q

What is the central opening that allows light to enter called?

A

pupil

52
Q

What structure in the eye helps focus light on the retina?

A

Lens

53
Q

What is the vascular layer of the eye called?

A

Choroid

54
Q

Which structure in the eye contains photoreceptor cells that capture light?

A

RETINA

55
Q

_______ is the central point of the retina

A

macula

56
Q

the ________ is center of field of view; contains highest density of rods and cones

A

Fovea

57
Q

Opic nerve function

A

carries visual information to the visual cortex

58
Q

What is the refraction of light in general?

A

the change of light speed from one medium to another causes it to bend

59
Q

What is the refraction of light in the eye?

A

convex lens refracts light so it converges on a focal point (the retina)

60
Q

________ allows proper focusing of light

A

accommodation

61
Q

Accommodation allows proper focusing of light: list the two muscles and brief summarize

A

Ciliary muscles contract> suspensory ligaments loosen> lens relaxes into thicker shape>increased refractive power

Ciliary muscles relax> suspensory ligaments remain taut> lens pulled into flatter position> decreased refractive power

62
Q

What are the two eye issues that can occur when lens elasticity decreases with age?

A

Myopia or hyperopia

63
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

the ability to focus an image on the retina

64
Q

What is myopia? Corrected by?

A

Nearsigthedness; cornea/lens is too powerful or eyeball is too long

correct by concave lens

65
Q

what is hyperopia ? corrected by ?

A

farsightedness; cornea/leans is too weam or eyeball is too short

corrected by convex lens

66
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

increase in near point of vision w age due to less flexible lens?

67
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

corena/lens are not uniformly curved so light rays do not focus at single focal point

68
Q

What are the layers of the retina? bottom to top?

A

Sclera, choroid, photoreceptor layer (rods and cones) , nuclear layer, outer plexiform, bipolar layer (inner nuclear) , inner plexiform, ganglionic layer

69
Q

Ganglionic cells are filled with ?

A

Pigment melanopsin

70
Q

Ganglion cells are 1-3% _____, which have the following functions (list functions)

A

PHOTOSENSITIVE

Functions include:

Help reset internal clock
Help regulate pupil size
Help regulate release of melatonin

71
Q

The retinal pigement epithelium (RPE) contains ?
Stores and recycles?

A

Contains melanin and traps unused photons not captured by photoreceptors

Stores and recycles vitamin A

72
Q

which two structures of the eye are photoreceptor cells?

A

RODS AND CONES

73
Q

what are photoreceptors? What do they do?

A

cells in the retina that detect light and affect color perception

74
Q

Scotopic VS photopic vision?

A

Rod cells contain rhodopsin
They are for scotopic vision meaning they function optimally under low light conditions/ with shades of gray and black

Cone cells contain opsin
They are for photopic vision; meaning they function optimally under intense, bright light conditions

75
Q

Rods are _____ photoreceptor cells which are ____ and _____ vision

A

bipolar; black and white vision

76
Q

Rods are found over most of retina, but not in ____. They are more sensitive to ____ than cones

A

FOVEA; LIGHT

77
Q

Protein _____ changes shape when struck by light; and eventually separates into its two components: _____ & _____

A

rhodopsin
OPSIN & RETINAL

78
Q

Retinal can be converted to _____ __ from which it was originally derived.

A

VITAMIN A

79
Q

Rods are unusual sensory cells; when not stimulated they are _____________

Lights causes them to ________

A

depolarized

Hyperpolarize

80
Q

How does light and dark adaptation work?

A

adjustment of eyes to changes in light. happens because of changes in amount of available rhodopsin, pupil reflexes, and changes in level of photoreceptor function

81
Q

cones are bipolar ______ cells that are responsible for _____ vision and _____ acuity

A

receptor
responsible for color vision and visual acuity

82
Q

cones is numerous in ?

A

fovea and macula lutea

83
Q

Visual pigment for cones is called ?

A

Opsin: three types that respond to blue, red, and green light

84
Q

Which photoreceptor type is specialized for photopic vision?

A

CONES

85
Q

The ____ helps direct sounds

A

Auricle

86
Q

which structure of the ear directs sound waves to tympanic membrane?

A

External acoustic meatus

87
Q

which structure of the ear has three bones that transmit from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea?

A

Auditory ossicles

88
Q

oval window?

A

transmits sound waves to cochlea

89
Q

cochlea?

A

contains hair cells; responds to sound vibrations

90
Q

round window?

A

allows fluid in cochlea to move/ vibrate

91
Q

semicircular canals?

A

detect angular acceleration

92
Q

auditory tube?

A

connects w nasal passages

93
Q

What is the transmission of sound from the outer to inner ear?

A

Sound waves are captured by outer ear and sent to inner via tympanic membrane …. tympanic vibrations push on malleus>incus> stapes; moves oval window ……. oval window transmits vibrations to scala vestibuli………….. basilar membrane moves, as well as the hair cells in the organ of corti

94
Q

what is responsible for hearing?

A

Inner hair cells

95
Q

What regulates tension on basilar membrane (ear) ?

A

outer hair cells

96
Q

What is a hair bundle?

A

sterocilia of one inner hair cell

97
Q

What is a tip link ?

A

attaches tip of each sterocilium in a hair bundle to the side of the next longer sterocilium
as sterocilia bend, they open K+ gates

98
Q

Balance is involved w what structures of ear?

A

cupula and utricle and saccule

99
Q

Movement of hair cells within the cupula (3) … what happens?

A

Hair cells stick up into ampulla and are submerged in jelly-like substance (cupula)…

as head rotates, fluid surroundings cells lags behind

Causes hair cell movement in opposite direction to head movement

100
Q

Movement of hair cells within the utricle and saccule … what happens?

A

Hair cell of utricle and saccule are covered by gelatinous substance

cotnains embedded calcium carbonate cyrstals called otoliths

when head moves, otoliths pull gelatinous substance and sterocilia in direction of gravity

101
Q

Which of the following occurs when stereocilia move in the direction of the kinocilium?

A

Ion channels open, cations flow into cell, depolarization

102
Q

Axons of _____ ______ carry olfactory information to the cortex

A

MITRAL CELLS

103
Q

Bundles of synapses between sensory neurons and mitral cells ?

A

glomerulus

104
Q

Olfactory stem cell replace old ??

A

sensory neurons every few months

105
Q

olfactory sensory neurons function?

A

cilia protrude downward into nasal cavity; axons project upwards and synapse with mitral cells

106
Q

olfaction is ?

A

detecting smells

107
Q

What is olfaction? (6)

A

detecting smells
sniff repeatedly or breathe deeply
mucus contains odorant-binding proteins

  • olfactory sensations begin when odorant bind to protein and protein sitmulates receptor cell (rapidly adapting receptor)
    Secondary neuron conducts signals to various CNS areas
  • cerebral cortex
108
Q

Which part of the brain perceives, identifies smell?

A

cerebral cortex

109
Q

Which part of brain has visceral reaction to smell?

A

hypothalamus

110
Q

which part of brain has smell recognition/ emotional reaction

A

amygdala

111
Q

Papillae means ?

A

bumps on tongue that contain taste buds

112
Q

taste receptor cells contain?

A

molecular components required for taste sensation

113
Q

transitional cells are supporting cells between?

A

taste receptor cells

114
Q

Basal cells function?

A

replace old taste receptor cells

115
Q

Taste pore function?

A

trap dissolved food molecules and activate taste hair receptors

116
Q

gustatory transduction is dependent on the type of ?

A

taste receptor involved

117
Q

What are the four taste receptors?

A

umami amino acids ,

sugars/fructose/glucose/ artificial sweetners,

bitter/quinine/salcicin tannins,

sour/citric/tartaric acetic acids

ANATOMY (9 decks)

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