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ANATOMY CH 4 part one Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

All living organisms are comprised of one or more cells.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
Cells originate only from preexisting cells.

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1
Q

what did Robert Hooke discover in 1665?

A

Plant cells in cork slices

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2
Q

What are some common functions of cells?

A

Maintain integrity and shape of a cell
obtain nutrients and form chemical building blocks
harvest energy for survival
dispose of waste
avoid accumulation that could disrupt cellular activities
most capable of cell division

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3
Q

What are the two classes of nucleic acid?

A

DNA and RNA

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4
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

Monomers linked covalently through phosphodiester bonds, with three components: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

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5
Q

What are the five types of nitrogenous bases?

A

Three are pyrimidines (cytosine, uracil, and thymine) and two are purines (adenine and guanine)

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6
Q

How do pyrmidines and purines bind together ?

A

via hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

the linear sequence of amino acids

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8
Q

what is the conformation of a protein?

A

The three-dimensional shape of the protein, which
is crucial for protein function

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9
Q

What are the two types of secondary structures in proteins?

A

Alpha helix and beta sheet

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10
Q

What is the difference between alpha helix and beta sheet?

A

Alpha helix is a spiral coil that provides elasticity to
fibrous proteins, while beta sheet is a planar pleat
arrangement that provides flexibility to globular
proteins.

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11
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

It is the three-dimensional shape of a poly-peptide chain.

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12
Q

What are the two categories of proteins in the
tertiary structure?

A

Globular proteins that fold into a compact shape and fibrous proteins that are extended linear molecules.

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13
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

It is the final form present in proteins with two or
more polypeptide chains.

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14
Q

What is denaturation?

A

It is a conformational change to a protein that disturbs protein activity and is usually irreversible

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15
Q

What are enzymes?

A

They are biologically active catalys that accelearte chemical reactions and decrease activation energy of cellular reactions

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16
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

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17
Q

what is activation energy?

A

Activation energy is the energy required to initiate a
chemical reaction.

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18
Q

What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

A

Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical
reactions, thereby increasing the rate of product
formation.

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19
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

The active site of an enzyme is the specific location
where a substrate binds and a specific reaction is
catalyzed.

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20
Q

What is the location of enzymes in the body?

A

Enzymes can be located within cells, embedded in the plasma membrane, or secreted from the cell

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21
Q

What is the location of enzymes in the body?

A

Enzymes can be located within cells, embedded in
the plasma membrane, or secreted from the cell.

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22
Q

What is the function of triglycerides?

A

Triglycerides are used for long-term energy storage
in the body

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23
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

Modified 20-carbon fatty acids

24
How are eicosanoids synthesized?
They are synthesized from arachidonic acid, a membrane component.
25
They are synthesized from arachidonic acid, a membrane component.
Saturated fatty acids lack double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds
26
What is lipogenesis ?
Lipogenesis is the formation of triglycerides when conditions of excess nutrients exist.
27
What is lipolysis?
Lipolysis is the breakdown of triglycerides when nutrients are needed
28
What are phospholipids?
Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules that serve as chemical barriers of cell membranes.
29
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
A phospholipid has a polar head made up of glycerol, phosphate, and organic groups, and a nonpolar tail made up of a fatty acid group.
30
What are steroids?
composed of hydrocarbons arranged in a multi-ringed structure and differ in side chains extending from their rings.
31
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a component of animal plasma membranes and a precursor to other steroid synthesis
32
What is wax?
Wax is long chains of fatty acids bound to a chain of alcohol, found in nature, solid at room temperature, and naturally water repellent
33
How are eicosanoids synthesized?
Eicosanoids are synthesized from arachidonic acid, a membrane component.
34
What is the primary function of prostaglandins?
Prostaglandins have various functions, including inflammation, blood flow regulation, blood clotting, and fever
35
What is the most common monosaccharide?
Glucose is the most common monosaccharide
36
what is glycogen?
Glycogen is a polysaccharide that stores excess glucose in the liver and skeletal muscle
37
What is the process by which the liver BINDS glucose monomers together to FORM glycogen?
The process is called glycogenesis.
38
What is the process by which the liver hydrolyzes glycogen into glucose as needed?
the process is called glycogenolysis
39
What is the process by which the liver forms glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?
The process is called gluconegogenesis
40
Which of the four basic biomolecules consists of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail?
Lipids consist of a hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail
41
What are the major components of the cell membrane?
The major components of the cell membrane are phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol.
42
What are the two components of a phospholipid?
Polar head groups and nonpolar tails.
43
What is the difference between integral and peripheral membrane proteins?
Integral proteins are embedded within and extend across the phospholipid bilayer, while peripheral proteins are not embedded in the lipid bilayer and are loosely attached to external or interior surfaces of the membrane.
44
What is the effect of cholesterol on membrane fluidity?
Regular temperature: more cholesterol decreases fluidity, while cold temperature: more cholesterol increases fluidity.
45
What is the difference between chromatin and chromosome?
Chromatin is the relaxed DNA conformation during interphase, while a chromosome is the condensed, supercoiled DNA conformation.
46
What is the difference between chromatin and chromosome?
Chromatin is a relaxed DNA conformation, while chromosome is a condensed, supercoiled DNA conformation
47
What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?
Heterochromatin is DNA tightly coiled up around histones and not actively expressed, while euchromatin is DNA loosely coiled up around histones and open to gene expression.
48
What is the process of transcription?
DNA is transcribed into mRNA, before it leaves the nucleus
49
What are the steps in protein translation? AND where does protein translation occur?
1. mRNA joins ribosome 2. Ribosome complexes with mRNA and transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules 3.tRNA molecules carry appropriate amino acids to synthesize protein strand. *occurs in the ribosome*
50
What is the mechanism of action of proteasomal degradation
Degrades PROTEINS ONLY with the ubiquitin tag and recycles small peptide fragments
51
Do secretory vesicles diffuse freely towards the cell membrane?
yes
52
What is the role of calcium in exocytosis?
Calcium primes v-SNAREs to associate with t-SNAREs, initiating docking/fusion process.
53
What is the difference between lysosomal and proteasomal degradation?
Lysosomal degradation occurs in a membrane-bound organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes and hydrolyzes almost any bond type, while PROTEASOMAL DEGRADATION occurs in a cytoplasmic protein complex and degrades proteins with the ubiquitin tag and recycles small peptide fragments.
54
Liver can also form glucose from noncarb sources... what is this process called?
Gluconeogenesis
55
What is the primary nutrient supplier energy to cells?
glucose
56
Integral proteins are ____ attached to carbohydrate groups
glycoproteins
57
How is exocytosis regulated ?
V-snares and T-snares

ANATOMY (9 decks)

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