Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANATOMY > Anatomy ch 6- Integumentary system > Flashcards

Anatomy ch 6- Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

Covers body and consists of the skin and accessory tissues (hair, nails, sweat/oil glands, sebaceous glands)

A

Integumentary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Integument

A
  • Cuteaneous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dermatology

A

Study of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Epidermis

A

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dermis

A

The deep layer of the skin; composed of dense, irregular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypodermis

A

Not part of the integumentary system
deep to the dermis
subcutaneous layer
alveolar and CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

function of integumentary system

A

protection
sensation
vitamin D production
immunity
body temp regulation
excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Keratinocytes?

A

main cell type of epidermis
produce keratin intermediate filaments
provide structure to the hair, skin, and nails
Waterproofing (protective function)
keratinizing tissue (dry); nonkeratinizing tissue (wet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce pigments (eumelanin/pheomelanin) giving skin and hair color
protects from UV rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Merkel cells

A

Tactile cell- stratum basale
- few in number
- sensitive to touch- when compressed, release chemicals, stimulate sensory nerve endings
connected to sensory neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum Basale, Stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum Stratum granulosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of stem cells capable of undergoing cell division to form new cells
single layer of newly produced cuboidal cells
contains melanocytes and epidermal ridges

A

Stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

8-10 rows of keratinocytes
accumulation of keratohyalin, lamellar bodies

A

Stratum spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 rows of keratinocytes
large amounts of keratohyalin are produced
contain many chemical granules, stain darker on histology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

layer of dead keratinocytes, only in thick skin (palms, soles)
contains translucent protein eleidin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stratum corneum

A

15-30 layers of dead keratinocytes
lipid coating forms water resistant layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular… why?

A

Avascular … no blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three variations of the epidermis?

A

Color, thickness, skin markings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Thick skin

A

palms of hand/soles of feet
contains all 5 layers of epidermal strata
Has sweat glands; just no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thin skin

A

Covers most of the body, lacks stratum lucidum, has sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which layer of the epidermis connects to the dermis?

A

Stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the epidermis provide protection?

A
  • the dry surface does not allow for the growth of most microorganisms
  • Langerhans cells are found in all layers expect for stratum corneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

***Langerhans cells act as?

A
  • antigen-presenting cells
  • first line of defense
  • bind to foreign particles, drags it to a cell that can do something: macrophage/natural killer cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

list the 3 color-producing pigments/proteins in skin

A

Hemoglobin, Melanin, Carotene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hemoglobin

A

-oxygen-binding protein in erythrocytes (red blood cells)
-bright red color upon binding oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Melanin

A

-dark pigment produced by melanocytes, transferred to keratinocytes
-amount in skin varies (heredity, UV exposure)(race/tanning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Carotene

A

yellow-orange pigment acquired from some vegetables/ diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Process of skin pigmentation

A
  1. melanocytes produce melanin from tyrosine in specialized organelles (melanosomes)
  2. melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes upon stimulation
  3. melanosomes in keratinocytes produce melanin granules to contribute to skin pigmentation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

factors affecting pigmentation

A
  1. Type of melanin produced
  2. How much the melanosomes are filled with melanin granules prior to transfer
  3. Number and size of melanosomes produced
  4. How long the melanosomes persist in the keratinocytes
  5. Degree of transfer within the dermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do you get a tan?

A
  1. UV rays generate reactive oxygen
  2. melanocytes excessively produce melanin
  3. Skin pigmentations are generated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

UV radiation causes?

A
  • immune suppression
  • DNA damage
  • oxidative damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

development of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Tactile discs

A

Formed from Merkel cells
- located in stratum basale
- function as mechanorecpetors : signal from physical force
- associated w/fine touch and pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Free nerve endings are associated with?

A

Pain, itching, tickling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

cells of the epidermis convert ____ to ____ in the presence of sun

A

7-denydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Vitamin D gets turned into…..?

A

Calcitriol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Calcitriol does what?

A
  • increases calcium absorption in the small intestine
  • increases bone mineralization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

List the 3 skin markings

A

Nevus, Freckles, Friction ridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Freckles

A

Yellowish or brown spots
Localized areas of increased melanocyte activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Moles

A

Localized overgrowth of melanocytes
Should be monitored for changes suggesting malignancy (tumor, cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Friction Ridges

A

Large folds and valleys of dermis and epidermis
fingerprints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Dermis

A

-below the epidermis
-made up of irregular dense CT proper
-has papillary and reticular layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What other structures are present in the dermis?

A

Blood vessels
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
hair follicles
nail roots
sensory nerve endings
arrector pili

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Papillary layer

A
  • Loose connective tissue made up of
    fine collagen and elastic fibers
  • Associates with epidermis through
    dermal papillae and epidermal ridges
  • Contains blood/lymphatic vessels and
    nerves that supply the epidermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Functions of the papillary layer

A
  • support epidermis
  • regulate body temp
  • provide OXYGEN to epidermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

reticular layer

A

Dense irregular connective tissue, densely-packed collagen fibers with some elastic fibers interspersed
- Toughest layer of skin
-Thick collagen bundles produce cleavage lines (e.g. palm of hand)
-Contains blood vessels, nerves, and other accessory structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the dermis is made of

A
  • collagen and elastic fibers oriented in parallel bundles at specific locations
47
Q

Function of elastic fiber bundles

A

Resist stress during movement

48
Q

Orientation indicated by lines of cleavage

A
  • Incisions parallel to cleavage lines are more likely to heal quickly
  • Incisions perpendicular to cleavage lines are more likely to open due to cut elastic fibers
49
Q

If skin stretched beyond its capabilities:

A
  • Some collagen fibers torn
  • Stretch marks, striae
50
Q

How does the dermis support the epidermis?

A

provides oxygen and nutrients
Maintains fluid balance

51
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

LIGHT touch, pressure, vibration

52
Q

Lamellated corpuscles

A

DEEP pressure and vibration

53
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

pressure and skin distortion (stretching)

54
Q

which layer (epidermis, dermis) regulates blood flow to the skin

A

dermis

55
Q

deepest part of the integumentary system

A

dermis

56
Q

T or F
the hypodermis is part of the integument

A

False, This layer is classified as subcutaneous layer, Not apart of the skin.

57
Q

What is the hypodermis composed of?

A

-adipose and areolar connective tissue
-collagen and elastic fibers
-fibroblasts and adipocytes
-Contains larger blood vessels and nerves that supply the skin

58
Q

what does the hypodermis do

A

-Connects skin to underlying tissue
-Serves as energy reserve (subcutaneous fat)
-common injection site (ex: insulin)

59
Q

Functions of the hair:

A

-Protection against entrance of foreign substances into body
-Protection against UV radiation
-Sensory

60
Q

where does hair grow from?

what does hair papilla contain?

what is the hair matrix responsible for?

A

-Hair grows from cells at the base of the follicle (hair bulb)

-Hair papilla contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

The hair matrix within the papilla is responsible for producing new hair

61
Q

What 3 structures are apart of the hair shaft?

A

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

62
Q

Medulla is ?

A

-very center
-Cells contain soft keratin
-Formed by cells closest to the hair matrix

63
Q

Cortex?

A
  • middle
  • Cells contain hard keratin
  • Formed by cells near the edge of the hair matrix
64
Q

Cuticle

A
  • Edge
  • Cells contain hard keratin
  • Formed by cells at the edge of the hair matrix
65
Q

Vellus hairs

A

Fine hairs located over much of the body surface

66
Q

Terminal

A

coarse hairs; some develop during puberty (pubes)
hair on head, lashes, brows

67
Q

Lanugo hair

A

Fine, unpigmented, downy hair
- appears in last trimester of pregnancy ‘
- fetus develops in last trimester to insulate

68
Q

What causes goosbumps?

A

contraction of arrector pili muscle

69
Q

What are nails biologically?

A

scale-like modifications of the stratum corneum

70
Q

Part of nail that gets cut off
no underlying capillaries

A

free edge of nail

71
Q

translucent portion of the nail, extending from the nail root to the free edge; sometimes referred to as the nail body.
underlying capillaries

A

Nail plate

72
Q

Portion of the living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows toward the free edge.

A

Nail bed

73
Q

Lunula

A

The half-moon-shaped, whitish area at the base of a nail

74
Q
  • Secretes sebum (oily substance)
  • Helps protect the surface of the skin (lubricant/bactericidal
  • Prevents water loss and bacteria growth
  • Play a role in thermoregulation
  • Classified as holocrine glands
A

Sebaceous glands features and functions

75
Q

Apocrine and Merocrine/eccrine are ____

A

Sudoriferous glands

76
Q
  • Localized mainly in armpits and pubic regions
  • Secrete product into hair follicles
  • Product secreted used by bacteria, contributing to odor
A

Apocrine sweat glands

77
Q

Merocrine/eccrine

A
  • Far more numerous
  • Secrete product directly onto the skin surface (pores)
  • Function in thermoregulation, secretion and protection
78
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands
Located only in external ear canal
Secretions of waterproof earwax, cerumen:
- traps foreign material (bacteria)
- Lubricates acoustic meatus and eardrum

79
Q

Mammary glands

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands of the breast
Only function in pregnant and lactating females
Produce milk

80
Q

Albinism

A
  • most commonly an autosomal recessive genetic disorder
  • Results in low/no melanin production by melanocytes
  • high incidence of eye pathology comorbidity
81
Q

Alopecia areata

A
  • Autoimmune skin disease
  • T-lymphocytes attack and kill hair follicle cells
  • Mechanism not fully understood
  • Cannot be cured, but can manage symptoms
82
Q
  • Overgrowth/overproduction of terminal and vellus hairs on the entire body other than palms of hand/soles of feet
  • Varies in severity & risk factors
  • Severe = typically genetic mutation, grows “malignant down” on face
  • Can be linked with cancer
A

Congenital terminal HYPERTRICHOSIS

83
Q
  • Major cause of accidental death
  • Caused by heat, radiation, chemicals, sunlight, electrical shock
  • Threat to life from fluid loss, infection, effects of burned tissue
A

Burns

84
Q

involve epidermis and part of the dermis
- skin blisters, painful, & slight scarring

A

Second degree burn

85
Q

Involve only epidermis, slight redness, & pain

A

First degree pain

86
Q

Third degree burn

A
  • Involve epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
  • Require hospitalization
  • treatment for dehydration and infection
  • Severe scarring
  • May need debridement and skin graft
87
Q
  • Chronic autoimmune skin disease
  • Keratinocytes attacked by T-lymphocytes
  • Causes rapid overgrowth of new skin cells
  • Patches of whitish, scaly skin on the epidermal surface

Symptoms: severe itching, pain, skin cracking

Treatments* Corticosteroids, UV light therapy, medications that interfere with skin cell production

A

Psoriasis features

symptoms

treatments

88
Q
  • Rare genetic skin disorder
  • deletion mutation in the X chromosome = region that that codes for the enzyme steroid sulfatase
  • responsible for removing sulfur from cholesterol = needed proper function of lipid barrier in stratum corneum & health of skin
  • Absent enzyme results in excessively dry skin, polygon-shaped scale formation
A

X-LINKEDICHTHYOSIS

89
Q

Skin cancer

A
  • Generalized term used for multiple cancer types
  • Characterized by cells that fail to die on signal, over proliferate, lose cellular function,
  • Can metastasize and destroy tissue via inflammation
90
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A
  • Most common type of skin cancer
  • Cancer of basal cells in basal layer of the epidermis
  • Most often occur on areas of skin that are exposed to the sun via UV radiation
  • Most grow slowly and are curable
  • Rarely spread beyond the initial tumor site
91
Q
  • AKA epidermoid carcinoma
  • Affects squamous cells - mostly stratified squamous
  • Usually faster growing than Basal Cell Carcinoma
A

Squamous cell carcinoma

92
Q
  • Cancer of melanocytes
  • Typically most serious type of skin cancer
  • Linked to UV radiation
  • If metastasized, about 22% 5year survival rate
A

Melanoma

93
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign particle

94
Q

Eumelanin

A

Good for us!
brown/black pigment
UV Vis absorbing- doesn’t allow it to go to nucleus
Antioxidant

95
Q

Pheomelanin

A

Bad for us!
reddish-yellow pigment
Pro-oxidant
Phototoxic

96
Q

majority of sensory cells are located?

A

In the dermis

97
Q

**What is the top layer of skin? what is its epithelia?

A

Epidermis
stratified squamous

98
Q

***What is the middle layer of skin?
What is the majority of its tissue?

A

Dermis
Dense irregular CT

99
Q

Name 3 cells of the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel cells

100
Q

What is the bottom layer of the epidermis?
What is the top layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum Corneum

101
Q

***Which layer is NOT present in THIN skin

A

Stratum lucidum

102
Q

***Where can you find tactile discs?

A

Stratum Basale

103
Q

***What is the function of free nerve endings?

A

detect pain, itching, tickling

104
Q

***A cut that is parallel to a cleavage line will most likely heal

A

quickly

105
Q

***What is the function of Pacinian/lamellated corpuscles?

A

Deep pressure and vibration

106
Q

***A hair shaft contains an inner ____ region, an outer ____ region, and a layer of cuticle

A

Medulla; cortex

107
Q

***Which hairs are smaller and softer in nature?

A

Vellus hairs

108
Q

**Which integument glands secrete sweat?

**Which integument glands secrete cerumen?

A

Sudoriferous

Ceruminous

109
Q

***Explain the difference between basal and squamous cell carcinoma

A

Basal cell carcinoma affects the basale cells in the basale layer; slow growing and curable; rarely spreads; encapsulated in a shell

squamous cell carcinoma affects stratified squamous and spreads quicker than basale cell carcinoma.

110
Q

***Why does X-linked ichthyosis impact men more than women?

A

Because women have 2 X chromosomes, men only have 1.

111
Q

***Which layer lies directly under the stratum granulosum ?

A

Stratum spinosum

112
Q

***Which hairs are found on most of the body that are small & fine?

A

Vellus hairs

113
Q

*** which layers of the skin are impacted by a second-degree burn?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

114
Q

which glands secrete sweat directly onto the surface of the skin via pores?

A

Merocrine/ eccrine sudoriferous glands

ANATOMY (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions