Anatomy ch 8 Flashcards
1
Q
What bones make up the axial skeleton?(5)
A
Skull, sternum, ribs, hyoid, vertebral column
2
Q
What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
A
Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper limbs, lower limbs
3
Q
What are depressions? Where are they located?
A
Clefts of varying depth in a bone
- located where a bone meets another structure, such as another bone or blood vessel
4
Q
Examples of depressions (4)
A
Facet, fossa, fovea , groove
5
Q
What are bone openings? what do they do?
A
- holes that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through a bone
- permit access to the middle and inner ear; encase delicate structures and protect them from trauma
6
Q
Examples of openings (3)
A
canal, fissure, foramen
7
Q
What are projections? What do they do?
A
- bone extensions of varying shapes and sizes
- provide locations for attachments of muscles, tendons, and ligaments
- some fit into depressions of other bones to stabilize joints
8
Q
Example of projections (10)
A
condyles
epicondyles
crests
heads
tubercles
processes
spines
protuberance
trochanter
lines
9
Q
What are the functions of the cranial bones?
A
- surround and protect the brain
- attachment of head and neck muscles
- house and protect special sense organs
10
Q
What bones make up the cranial bones (6)
A
Frontal
occipital
ethmoid
sphenoid
temporal
parietal
11
Q
What are the functions of the facial bones?
A
- underlying scaffold for the face
- provide passages for air and food
- provide anchor site for teeth
- provide anchors for face muscles
- form cavities for special sense organs
12
Q
What bones make up the facial bones (8)
A
zygomatic
vomer
maxilla
mandible
nasal
inferior nasal conchae
lacrimal
palatine
13
Q
What sinuses make up the paranasal sinuses?
A
Maxillary
ethmoidal
frontal
sphenoidal
14
Q
How many CRANIAL FOSSAS are there? What are they called?
A
3
anterior, middle, posterior
15
Q
What make up the nasal complex ( the whole thing )
A
- bones of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
- includes bone and cartilage (tip of nose)
16
Q
***What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?
A
- air-filled chambers open into the nasal cavity
- mucous membrane humidifies and warms inhaled air
- cause skull bones to be lighter
- provide resonance to voice
17
Q
What is sexual dimorphism? examples?
A
The distinct difference in size or appearance between bones of male vs female
- female skull is smaller and rounder; male skull is larger and bulkier
18
Q
Why is it difficult to determine the sex of infant/child skeletons
A
bones appear female-like until after puberty
19
Q
What age do cranial sutures almost fully develop
A
age 5
20
Q
T or F: cranial bones fully surround an infants brain
A
F- the bones are not large enough
21
Q
What are fontanelles?
A
- Cranial bones interconnected by dense regular CT
- soft spots on baby’s head
- enable flexibility in body plates during birth
- ease the baby’s passage through birth canal
22
Q
Which fontanelles close quickly after birth (2)
A
small mastoid and sphenoidal
23
Q
When does the posterior fontanelle close ? When does the anterior fontanelle close?
A
- around 9 months
- around 15 months
24
Q
Describe the cranial cavity
A
- largest cavity ( in the skull)
- formed by cranial bones
- surrounds the brain
25
What do the orbital cavities contain? How many bones is it composed of?
- eyeballs, blood vessels, muscle, nerves, lacrimal glands
- formed by parts of 7 bones
26
Describe the nasal cavity
- contains passages for air and sensory neurons for smell
- formed by several bones lined with mucous membranes
27
Features of the oral cavity
- contains teeth, tongue, passage for food and air, and most salivary glands
- first part of GI tract
- roof formed by hard palate
- lacks bony floor and back wall
28
Important notes about the hyoid bone
- ONLY floating bone in the body
- its position is maintained by ligaments (ex: stylohyoid ligament)
- important attachment site for muscles involved in swallowing and phonation
29
What do intervertebral discs do?
- sit between adjacent vertebrae
- cushion/absorb SHOCK
- resist GRINDING between bones
- make movement easierrrr
30
What are herniated discs and what causes them?
Are there Treatments? If so, list them
- weaking of outer ring, causing inner core to bulge out
- occurs due to AGE, PHYSICAL trauma/strain, or awkward motion
- treatments include bed rest, physical therapy, medications
31
What does the sternum do? What bones does it consist of?
- stabilizes the rib cage and protects vital organs
- manubrium, gladiolus (body), xiphoid process
32
What does the manubrium articulate with ?
Pectoral girdle and first rib
33
Where do the abdominal muscles attach to the sternum?
xiphoid process
34
Which ribs does the body of the sternum articulate to ?
ribs 2-7
35
What are true ribs?
Ribs 1-7
- attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage
36
What are false ribs?
ribs 8-12
- connect to sternum via shared cartilage
37
What are floating ribs ?
ribs 11-12
- they do not attach to the sternum
38
What does the pectoral girdle do? what does it consist of ?
- articulates w/ the trunk
-supports the upper limbs
- consists of the clavicles and the scapula
39
Describe the clavicle
- what does it consist of ?
- collarbone
- "S" shaped
- extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula
- acts as a brace to resist longitudinal compression
- keeps scapula in the correct position
- contains sternal ends, acromial end, conoid tubercle
40
list the common causes of clavicle fractures (4)
- falls on the shoulder
- accidents
- sports
- childbirth
41
What connects interosseous borders?
What is it made of/what does it do?
The interosseous membrane is made of
- dense regular CT
- keeps radius and ulna a fixed distance apart
- pivot of ration for the forearm
42
What is supination?
Palm up, forearm bones parallel (anatomical position)
43
What is pronation
turning the forearm so that palm is down
44
what is a carrying angle?
the angle formed between the humerus and the forearm
45
what is cubitus varus?
decreased carrying angle
under 5 degrees
arms are close to the body
46
What is the normal carrying angle for men ?
What is the normal carrying angle for women?
- normal angle for men is between 5-10 degrees
- normal angle for women is 10-15 degrees
47
what is cubitus valgus ?
- increased carrying angle
- over 15 degrees
48
scaphoid artiuclates with what bone?
the radius
49
lunate articulates with ?
the radius and ulna
50
triquetrum articulates with the ?
ulna and pisiform
51
pisiform articulates with
triquetrum
52
trapezium articulates with
the scaphoid
53
trapezoid articulates with
scaphoid
54
capitate articulates with the ?
scaphoid and lunate
55
hamate articulates with
Triquetrum
56
schapoid fractures cause
- torn blood vessels, avascular necrosis
- death of bone tissue due to inadequate supply
- long healing time
57
metacarpals contain:
- base (proximal epiphysis)
- shaft/body (diaphysis)
- head (distal epiphysis) (knuckles )
58
Phalanges contain (3)
- proximal phalanx
- middle phalanx (except thumb)
- distal phalanx
59
What is the os coxae and what is it composed of?
- hip bone
- illum, ischium, pubis
60
When does the ox coxae fuse?
How does it articulate ?
- Fuse between ages 13-15 years
- articulates posteriorly with the sacrum at sacroilliac joint
61
Where does the femur articulate
acetabulum
62
How does the os coxae differentiate between sexes?
females have wider hips due to demands of childbirth
- pelvis is wider and shallower
- lateral flares of illum
- greater sciatic notch is wider
63
How many bones make up one lower limb
30
64
What do the arches of the feet do?
- help support the weight of the body
- ensure blood vessels on the sole of the foot are not pinched when standing
65
What helps maintain the shape of an arch?
- foot bones
- strong ligaments and tendons
66
What is the medial longitudinal arch?
List functions
- highest of the 3 arches
- extends from heel to great toe
- prevents medial side of foot from touching the ground
67
What bone form the medial longitudinal arch?
- formed form calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform bones, and metatarsals 1-3
68
NAME THIS ARCH:
Not as high as the medial arch
- extends between the little toe and the heel
- formed from calcaneus, cuboid bones, metatarsals IV-V
The lateral longitudinal arch and the bones that form it
69
NAME THIS ARCH:
- runs perpendicular to longitudinal arches
- formed from the distal row of tarsals and bases of all metatarsals
- footprint illustrates the position of longitudinal arches
Transverse arch/ bones that form it
70
Define a bunion
What causes bunions?
Are there treatments ?
- localized swelling at first metatarsophalangeal joint
- causes big toe to point toward second toe
Causes: long-term pressure on toe joint
Treatment: management of symptoms, bunionectomy
71
Define this foot clinical pathology:
- excessively high longitudinal arches
- occurs in roughly 10% of population
- causes excessive weight on talus and calcaneus
- 2/3rds of cases exhibit neurological conditions = muscle imbalances
Treatment: orthotics, osteotomy, tendon lengthening
pes calvus
72
Clinical view: Talipes equinovarus
- Congenital clubfoot
- Occurs when not enough room in the womb, or spontaneously
- Feet permanently inverted, Ankles plantar flexed
- Treatment: Casting, surgery
73
Clinical view: pes planus
- Flat feet
- Medial longitudinal arch flattened
- Caused by excess weight, posture abnormalities, weak supporting tissue
- Treatment: Orthotics, changes in activity/weight loss, physical therapy, surgery
74
What is polydactyly
extra fingers or toes
75
absence of finger/toes
ectrodactyly
76
Webbed digits
synadactylyl
77
what is phocomelia?
What causes it?
Short limbs
- genetic/environmental influences
78
What is thalidomide?
- drug marketed as a sleep aid
- caused severe disruption of limb formation if taken during weeks 4-8 prenatally
79
What bones make up the pectoral girdle ?
clavicle and scapula
80
T or F: the spine of the scapula is on the anterior side of the bone
FALSE
81
The coronoid fossa is found on the ____ bone, and articulates with the ____
humerus; ulna
82
Name the structures that constitute the lunar arch of the ulna (4)
- olecranon process
- coronoid process
- semilunar notch
- radial notch
83
Cubitis valgus is a carrying angle of ___
over 15 degrees
increased angle
84
Which sex exhibits wider ilium flares?
Female
85
A _____ pelvis has an acute pubic arch
male
86
Which bone is the strongest bone of the body ?
Femur
87
***What structure in the femur stabilizes the hip joints?
head/fovea capitus
88
***Is the lateral malleolus on the superior or inferior part of the fibula
inferior
89
What is the function of a foot arch?
- weight bearing
- ensure blood vessels are not pinched
90
***Which foot arch is the highest ?
medial longitudinal arch
91
***pes cavus can visually be seen as a __
excessively high arch
92
***an individual born w/12 fingers has ?
Polydactyly
93
syndactyly
webbed digits8]
