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ANATOMY > Anatomy ch 8 > Flashcards

Anatomy ch 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the axial skeleton?(5)

A

Skull, sternum, ribs, hyoid, vertebral column

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2
Q

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper limbs, lower limbs

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3
Q

What are depressions? Where are they located?

A

Clefts of varying depth in a bone
- located where a bone meets another structure, such as another bone or blood vessel

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4
Q

Examples of depressions (4)

A

Facet, fossa, fovea , groove

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5
Q

What are bone openings? what do they do?

A
  • holes that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through a bone
  • permit access to the middle and inner ear; encase delicate structures and protect them from trauma
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6
Q

Examples of openings (3)

A

canal, fissure, foramen

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7
Q

What are projections? What do they do?

A
  • bone extensions of varying shapes and sizes
  • provide locations for attachments of muscles, tendons, and ligaments
  • some fit into depressions of other bones to stabilize joints
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8
Q

Example of projections (10)

A

condyles
epicondyles
crests
heads
tubercles
processes
spines
protuberance
trochanter
lines

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9
Q

What are the functions of the cranial bones?

A
  • surround and protect the brain
  • attachment of head and neck muscles
  • house and protect special sense organs
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10
Q

What bones make up the cranial bones (6)

A

Frontal
occipital
ethmoid
sphenoid
temporal
parietal

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11
Q

What are the functions of the facial bones?

A
  • underlying scaffold for the face
  • provide passages for air and food
  • provide anchor site for teeth
  • provide anchors for face muscles
  • form cavities for special sense organs
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12
Q

What bones make up the facial bones (8)

A

zygomatic
vomer
maxilla
mandible
nasal
inferior nasal conchae
lacrimal
palatine

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13
Q

What sinuses make up the paranasal sinuses?

A

Maxillary
ethmoidal
frontal
sphenoidal

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14
Q

How many CRANIAL FOSSAS are there? What are they called?

A

3
anterior, middle, posterior

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15
Q

What make up the nasal complex ( the whole thing )

A
  • bones of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
  • includes bone and cartilage (tip of nose)
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16
Q

***What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • air-filled chambers open into the nasal cavity
  • mucous membrane humidifies and warms inhaled air
  • cause skull bones to be lighter
  • provide resonance to voice
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17
Q

What is sexual dimorphism? examples?

A

The distinct difference in size or appearance between bones of male vs female
- female skull is smaller and rounder; male skull is larger and bulkier

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18
Q

Why is it difficult to determine the sex of infant/child skeletons

A

bones appear female-like until after puberty

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19
Q

What age do cranial sutures almost fully develop

A

age 5

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20
Q

T or F: cranial bones fully surround an infants brain

A

F- the bones are not large enough

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21
Q

What are fontanelles?

A
  • Cranial bones interconnected by dense regular CT
  • soft spots on baby’s head
  • enable flexibility in body plates during birth
  • ease the baby’s passage through birth canal
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22
Q

Which fontanelles close quickly after birth (2)

A

small mastoid and sphenoidal

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23
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close ? When does the anterior fontanelle close?

A
  • around 9 months
  • around 15 months
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24
Q

Describe the cranial cavity

A
  • largest cavity ( in the skull)
  • formed by cranial bones
  • surrounds the brain
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25
Q

What do the orbital cavities contain? How many bones is it composed of?

A
  • eyeballs, blood vessels, muscle, nerves, lacrimal glands
  • formed by parts of 7 bones
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26
Q

Describe the nasal cavity

A
  • contains passages for air and sensory neurons for smell
  • formed by several bones lined with mucous membranes
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27
Q

Features of the oral cavity

A
  • contains teeth, tongue, passage for food and air, and most salivary glands
  • first part of GI tract
  • roof formed by hard palate
  • lacks bony floor and back wall
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28
Q

Important notes about the hyoid bone

A
  • ONLY floating bone in the body
  • its position is maintained by ligaments (ex: stylohyoid ligament)
  • important attachment site for muscles involved in swallowing and phonation
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29
Q

What do intervertebral discs do?

A
  • sit between adjacent vertebrae
  • cushion/absorb SHOCK
  • resist GRINDING between bones
  • make movement easierrrr
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30
Q

What are herniated discs and what causes them?
Are there Treatments? If so, list them

A
  • weaking of outer ring, causing inner core to bulge out
  • occurs due to AGE, PHYSICAL trauma/strain, or awkward motion
  • treatments include bed rest, physical therapy, medications
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31
Q

What does the sternum do? What bones does it consist of?

A
  • stabilizes the rib cage and protects vital organs
  • manubrium, gladiolus (body), xiphoid process
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32
Q

What does the manubrium articulate with ?

A

Pectoral girdle and first rib

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33
Q

Where do the abdominal muscles attach to the sternum?

A

xiphoid process

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34
Q

Which ribs does the body of the sternum articulate to ?

A

ribs 2-7

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35
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7
- attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage

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36
Q

What are false ribs?

A

ribs 8-12
- connect to sternum via shared cartilage

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37
Q

What are floating ribs ?

A

ribs 11-12
- they do not attach to the sternum

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38
Q

What does the pectoral girdle do? what does it consist of ?

A
  • articulates w/ the trunk
    -supports the upper limbs
  • consists of the clavicles and the scapula
39
Q

Describe the clavicle
- what does it consist of ?

A
  • collarbone
  • “S” shaped
  • extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula
  • acts as a brace to resist longitudinal compression
  • keeps scapula in the correct position
  • contains sternal ends, acromial end, conoid tubercle
40
Q

list the common causes of clavicle fractures (4)

A
  • falls on the shoulder
  • accidents
  • sports
  • childbirth
41
Q

What connects interosseous borders?
What is it made of/what does it do?

A

The interosseous membrane is made of
- dense regular CT
- keeps radius and ulna a fixed distance apart
- pivot of ration for the forearm

42
Q

What is supination?

A

Palm up, forearm bones parallel (anatomical position)

43
Q

What is pronation

A

turning the forearm so that palm is down

44
Q

what is a carrying angle?

A

the angle formed between the humerus and the forearm

45
Q

what is cubitus varus?

A

decreased carrying angle
under 5 degrees
arms are close to the body

46
Q

What is the normal carrying angle for men ?
What is the normal carrying angle for women?

A
  • normal angle for men is between 5-10 degrees
  • normal angle for women is 10-15 degrees
47
Q

what is cubitus valgus ?

A
  • increased carrying angle
  • over 15 degrees
48
Q

scaphoid artiuclates with what bone?

A

the radius

49
Q

lunate articulates with ?

A

the radius and ulna

50
Q

triquetrum articulates with the ?

A

ulna and pisiform

51
Q

pisiform articulates with

A

triquetrum

52
Q

trapezium articulates with

A

the scaphoid

53
Q

trapezoid articulates with

A

scaphoid

54
Q

capitate articulates with the ?

A

scaphoid and lunate

55
Q

hamate articulates with

A

Triquetrum

56
Q

schapoid fractures cause

A
  • torn blood vessels, avascular necrosis
  • death of bone tissue due to inadequate supply
  • long healing time
57
Q

metacarpals contain:

A
  • base (proximal epiphysis)
  • shaft/body (diaphysis)
  • head (distal epiphysis) (knuckles )
58
Q

Phalanges contain (3)

A
  • proximal phalanx
  • middle phalanx (except thumb)
  • distal phalanx
59
Q

What is the os coxae and what is it composed of?

A
  • hip bone
  • illum, ischium, pubis
60
Q

When does the ox coxae fuse?
How does it articulate ?

A
  • Fuse between ages 13-15 years
  • articulates posteriorly with the sacrum at sacroilliac joint
61
Q

Where does the femur articulate

A

acetabulum

62
Q

How does the os coxae differentiate between sexes?

A

females have wider hips due to demands of childbirth
- pelvis is wider and shallower
- lateral flares of illum
- greater sciatic notch is wider

63
Q

How many bones make up one lower limb

A

30

64
Q

What do the arches of the feet do?

A
  • help support the weight of the body
  • ensure blood vessels on the sole of the foot are not pinched when standing
65
Q

What helps maintain the shape of an arch?

A
  • foot bones
  • strong ligaments and tendons
66
Q

What is the medial longitudinal arch?
List functions

A
  • highest of the 3 arches
  • extends from heel to great toe
  • prevents medial side of foot from touching the ground
67
Q

What bone form the medial longitudinal arch?

A
  • formed form calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform bones, and metatarsals 1-3
68
Q

NAME THIS ARCH:

Not as high as the medial arch
- extends between the little toe and the heel
- formed from calcaneus, cuboid bones, metatarsals IV-V

A

The lateral longitudinal arch and the bones that form it

69
Q

NAME THIS ARCH:

  • runs perpendicular to longitudinal arches
  • formed from the distal row of tarsals and bases of all metatarsals
  • footprint illustrates the position of longitudinal arches
A

Transverse arch/ bones that form it

70
Q

Define a bunion
What causes bunions?
Are there treatments ?

A
  • localized swelling at first metatarsophalangeal joint
  • causes big toe to point toward second toe

Causes: long-term pressure on toe joint

Treatment: management of symptoms, bunionectomy

71
Q

Define this foot clinical pathology:

  • excessively high longitudinal arches
  • occurs in roughly 10% of population
  • causes excessive weight on talus and calcaneus
  • 2/3rds of cases exhibit neurological conditions = muscle imbalances

Treatment: orthotics, osteotomy, tendon lengthening

A

pes calvus

72
Q

Clinical view: Talipes equinovarus

A
  • Congenital clubfoot
  • Occurs when not enough room in the womb, or spontaneously
  • Feet permanently inverted, Ankles plantar flexed
  • Treatment: Casting, surgery
73
Q

Clinical view: pes planus

A
  • Flat feet
  • Medial longitudinal arch flattened
  • Caused by excess weight, posture abnormalities, weak supporting tissue
  • Treatment: Orthotics, changes in activity/weight loss, physical therapy, surgery
74
Q

What is polydactyly

A

extra fingers or toes

75
Q

absence of finger/toes

A

ectrodactyly

76
Q

Webbed digits

A

synadactylyl

77
Q

what is phocomelia?
What causes it?

A

Short limbs
- genetic/environmental influences

78
Q

What is thalidomide?

A
  • drug marketed as a sleep aid
  • caused severe disruption of limb formation if taken during weeks 4-8 prenatally
79
Q

What bones make up the pectoral girdle ?

A

clavicle and scapula

80
Q

T or F: the spine of the scapula is on the anterior side of the bone

A

FALSE

81
Q

The coronoid fossa is found on the ____ bone, and articulates with the ____

A

humerus; ulna

82
Q

Name the structures that constitute the lunar arch of the ulna (4)

A
  • olecranon process
  • coronoid process
  • semilunar notch
  • radial notch
83
Q

Cubitis valgus is a carrying angle of ___

A

over 15 degrees
increased angle

84
Q

Which sex exhibits wider ilium flares?

A

Female

85
Q

A _____ pelvis has an acute pubic arch

A

male

86
Q

Which bone is the strongest bone of the body ?

A

Femur

87
Q

***What structure in the femur stabilizes the hip joints?

A

head/fovea capitus

88
Q

***Is the lateral malleolus on the superior or inferior part of the fibula

A

inferior

89
Q

What is the function of a foot arch?

A
  • weight bearing
  • ensure blood vessels are not pinched
90
Q

***Which foot arch is the highest ?

A

medial longitudinal arch

91
Q

***pes cavus can visually be seen as a __

A

excessively high arch

92
Q

***an individual born w/12 fingers has ?

A

Polydactyly

93
Q

syndactyly

A

webbed digits8]

ANATOMY (9 decks)

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