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ANATOMY > Anatomy Ch 7- Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Anatomy Ch 7- Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the bone?

A

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation

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2
Q

How does bone protect?

A

The fused bones of the skull protect the brain
- the vertebrae surround the spinal cord, and the rib cage helps protect the vital organs of the thorax

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3
Q

How does bone provide movement?

A

Skeletal muscles use bones as levers

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4
Q

Mineral storage

A

calcium and phosphate

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5
Q

blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis- RBW and WBC forms within red marrow cavities of certain bones

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6
Q

what is compact bone

A
  • Dense or cortical bone
  • 80% of bone mass
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7
Q

what is spongy bone?

A

-Cancellous or trabecular bone
- Located internally to compact bone
- Appears porous
- 20% of bone mass

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8
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Semirigid Connective tissue; more flexible than bone

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9
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A
  • Weight-bearing cartilage that withstands compression
  • Located in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of the knee
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10
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A
  • model for bone formation
  • Found in ribs, ends of bones
  • Attaches ribs to the sternum, covers ends of some bones within growth plate
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11
Q

Name two structures composed of dense regular connective tissue..

A

Ligaments: connect bone to bone
Tendons: connect muscle to bone

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12
Q

What is the major structural and supportive connective tissue in the body?

A

Osseous tissue or (bone tissue)

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13
Q

Name this tissue: soft fatty tissue found in cavities of bones
contains red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow
Red marrow: site of blood cell production
Yellow marrow: fat storage

A

Marrow tissue

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14
Q

Define Red bone marrow

A
  • hemopoietic (blood cell forming)
  • reticular CT, immature blood cells, and fat
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15
Q

Where is red bone marrow located in children?

A

Located in spongy bone and medullary cavity of long bones

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16
Q

Red bone marrow in adults is located where?

A
  • located only in selected areas of the axial skeleton
  • such as the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ossa coxae, proximal epiphyes of humerus and femur
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17
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A
  • product of red bone marrow
  • degeneration as children mature
  • fatty substance
  • may convert back to red bone marrow
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18
Q

What are the 5 shape classifications of bone ?

A
  1. Long bone
  2. short bone
  3. flat bone
  4. irregular bones
  5. sesamoid bones
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19
Q

Long bones are ?

A

bones that are longer than they are wide

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20
Q

Short bones are ?

A

bones that are equally long and wide

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21
Q

Irregular bones are ?

A

bones that do not fit into any category

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22
Q

Sesamoid bones are ?

A
  • bones that are small, flat, and oval-shaped
  • specialized bones found within tendons
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23
Q

flat bones are ?

A
  • bones that are thin, broad, and commonly curved; sutural bones can be grouped here
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24
Q

What is periosteum?

A
  • outer layer covering bone
  • fibrous layer and cellular layer
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25
Q

What are perforating fibers?

A

collagen fibers; anchors attaches periosteum to bone

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26
Q

compact bone is ?

A

Hard, dense bone tissue

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27
Q

Spongy bone

A

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone
- called cancellous , “trabecular”

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28
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of a long bone

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29
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone

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30
Q

Epiphyseal lines

A

remnants of a growth plate

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31
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines the inner surface of bone tissue (inside)

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32
Q

Nutrient artery

A

large artery that enters compact bone near the middle of the diaphysis

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33
Q

Medullary cavity

A

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled w/ bone marrow

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34
Q

Outer fibrous layer of periosteum is made of ? Does what?

A
  • dense irregular CT
  • protects bone from surrounding structures
  • anchors blood vessels and nerves to bone surface
  • attachment site for ligaments and tendons
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35
Q

inner cellular layer of periosteum includes what

A

includes osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

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36
Q

Describe blood supply of bone

A
  • bones are highly vascularized in regions of spongy bone
  • vessels enter from periosteum
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37
Q

Nutrient foramen is a ?

A

small opening or hole in a bone for nutrients to come into
- artery entrance and vein exit here

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38
Q

Nerves that supply bone

A
  • accompany blood vessels through foramen
  • innervate bone, periosteum, endosteum, and marrow cavity
  • mainly sensory nerves
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39
Q

Osteons

A
  • cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone
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40
Q

Central canal

A

contains blood vessels and nerves

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41
Q

Osteons connect to each other via

A

perforating canal

42
Q

canaliculi

A

connect adjacent lacunae containing osteocytes and secretions
- serve as a channel allow exchange of nutrients, minerals, gases, and wastes between blood vessels and osteocytes
- house osteocyte cytoplasmic projections that allow intercellular contact and communication

43
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A
  • stem cells
  • cellular division yields another stem cell and a “committed cell” > asymmetric division
  • becomes OSTEOBLAST & REPLACES old/injured bone cells
44
Q

osteoprogenitor cells are located in ___ and ____. They release what?

A

Located in Periosteum and endosteum
release calcium

45
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

they are building bone that secrete OSTEOIDS and then bone tissue differentiates into OSTEOCYTES

46
Q

What are the two different types of bone?

A

spongy and compact

47
Q

What is an osteoid?

A

The initial semisolid organic form of bone matrix/tissue
- contains collagen
- becomes calcified
- contributes to bone flexibility
- becomes entrapped within the matrix/tissue

48
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells that lack bone-forming abilities
- maintain bone tissue
- detects stress on bone that triggers OSTEOBLASTS to form new bone

49
Q

The hormone that is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on children’s blood calcium levels is ____

A

CALCITONIN

50
Q

What are osteoclasts? Their function?

A
  • Large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells
  • Derived from fused bone marrow cells
  • Display a ruffled border > increases surface area exposed to bone
  • involved in bone resorption > broken down
51
Q

What is howships lacunae?

A
  • Location of osteoclasts
  • small depressions on bone surface
52
Q

Over activity of osteoclasts would have which of the following effects?

A

Bone loss, possibily leading to osteoporosis

53
Q

Bone formation process

A
  • begins with secretion of osteoid
  • calcification/mineralization occurs, deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals
  • calcium and phosphate ions precipitate out and form crystals
54
Q

What is required for bone formation to occur?

A
  • Vitamin D: enhances calcium absorption from GI tract

Vitamin C: required for collagen formation

Calcium and phosphate: for calcification

55
Q

When does ossification begin ? How long does it continue?

A
  • Begins in the embryo, by 8-12 weeks of embryonic development
  • continues through childhood and adolescence
56
Q

What are the two processes that causes bone to ossify?

A

Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification

57
Q

Define Intramembranous ossification

A
  • makes the minority of our body
  • bone cells come from mesenchyme (stem) cells; making many bones of the skull and PART of the CLAVICLE
58
Q

Define endochondral ossification

A
  • makes the majority of our body
  • bone cells deposited in hyaline cartilage
  • Chondrocytes die and the area is calcified; producing MOST bones of the SKELETON
59
Q

Define Appositional growth and what is it?

A
  • increases bone thickness
  • osteoblasts differentiate into osteoclasts, which break down bone on the INNER surface to PREVENT the bones from becoming TOO heavy
60
Q

What is Bone resorption and what’s the importance of it?

A
  • Bone matrix is destroyed by substances releases from osteoclasts
  • Proteolytic enzymes are released from lysosomes within osteoclasts
  • chemically digest organic matrix components
  • calcium and phosphate DISSOLVED by HYDROCHLORIC ACID
  • freed calcium and phosphate ions ENTER the BLOOD
  • Bone resorption important because occurs when BLOOD CALCIUM levels are LOW
61
Q

What gland produces your growth hormones??

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

62
Q

Growth hormone stimulates the liver to produce ?

A

Insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins)

63
Q

What hormones stunt growth ?

A

Glucocorticoids and Serotonin

64
Q

Where are Glucocorticoids released from? What do they do?

A
  • Released from the adrenal cortex
  • regulated blood glucos level
65
Q

High amounts of glucocorticoids increases _____

A

Bone loss.

  • impairs growth at epiphyseal plate in children
  • must monitor children w/asthma
66
Q

What is serotonin?

A

-Neurotransmitter and hormone
- MOST bones w/ serotonin receptors

67
Q

If serotonin levels are too high

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells are prevented from differentiating into osteoblasts
  • could be linked to low bone density disorders
68
Q

High plasma calcium levels associated with which gland?

A
  • triggers the release of CALCITONIN from the THYROID gland
  • calcium salts deposited in the bone
69
Q

Calcitonin duty?

A
  • removes calcium from the blood and puts it into bone
  • increases activity of osteoblasts
70
Q

Low plasma calcium levels associated w/which gland?

A
  • Triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands
  • PTH will stimulate OSTEOCLAST activity …. releasing calcium FROM THE BONE …. and resorbed by the kidneys and intestines
71
Q

Parathyroid hormone does what?

A

breaks down calcium from bone and puts it into the blood
- stimulates osteoclasts activity

72
Q

Transverse fracture

A

occurs straight across the bone

73
Q

stress fracture

A

Thin break caused by increased physical activity (crack not fully broken)

74
Q

Oblique fracture

A

occurs at an angle across the bone

75
Q

Greenstick

A
  • the bending and incomplete of a bone; most often seen in children
76
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A
  • bone breaks into many fragments
77
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone

78
Q

Simple fracture

A

broken bone not penetrating the skin

79
Q

compound fracture

A

bone breaks through the skin/ penetrates through the skin

80
Q

How long does a simple fracture take to heal? How about compound?

A

2-3 months

Longer than 3 months

81
Q

Four steps of healing a fracture

A

1- fracture hematoma forms
2- fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms
3- a hard (bony) callus forms
4- the bone is remodeled

82
Q

Step 2: Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

A
  • fracture hematoma reorganized into a CT procallus
  • Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers
  • procallus becomes fibrocartilaginous (soft ) callus
83
Q

Step 3: hard (bony) callus formation

A
  • Osteoblasts adjacent to the callus produce trabeculate
  • replace soft callus
  • forms a hard (bony) callus
  • continues to grow and thicken
84
Q

Step 4: Bone is remodeled

A
  • final phase of fracture repair
  • osteoclasts remove excess bony material
  • compact bone replaces primary bone
  • usually leaves a slight thickening of bone
85
Q

causes of osteoporosis.

A
  • Osteoclast activity outpacing osteoblast activity
  • associated with loss of estrogen
86
Q

Symptoms of osteoporosis? Diagnosis? Treatment?

A
  • stooped posture; increased susceptibility to fractures
  • measurement of bone density
  • administration of estrogen or calcitonin; balanced diet; active lifestyle
87
Q

OSTEITISDEFORMANS

A
  • overactivity of osteoblasts AND osteoclasts
  • excessive bone resorption followed by excessive bone deposition
  • newly deposited bone is poorly formed
  • genetic
88
Q

Rickets

A
  • disease caused by vitamin D deficiency in childhood
  • characterized by deficient calcification of osteoid tissue
  • bowlegged appearance
  • disturbances in growth, hypocalcemia, and tetany (cramps and twitches)
  • occurs in some developing nations
  • incidence increasing in urban U.S. children
89
Q

ACHONDROPLASIA

A
  • form of short-limbed dwarfism
    -means “without cartilage formation”
  • deficiency in converting cartilage into bone
  • autosomal dominant pattern
90
Q

Cause of achondroplasia?

A
  • mutations in the FGFR3 gene; Gene proides instruction for synthesizing a protein involved in the development and maintenance of bone
  • failure of chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate to grow and enlarge
91
Q

Acromegaly

A
  • excessive growth AFTER fusion
  • bones grow wide rather than longer
  • tumor forms AFTER plates fuse
92
Q

Gigantism

A
  • excessive growth PRIOR to the fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates
  • tumor on the pituitary gland as a child
93
Q

***Bones are the site of blood cell production, known as ___

A

red bone marrow/ hematopoiesis

94
Q

***How does the red bone marrow differ from yellow bone marrow?

A

red bone marrow produces blood cells.
yellow stores fat

95
Q

***Where can you find red bone marrow in adult skeletons?

A

The axial skeleton; proximal ends of femur and humerus

96
Q

***Where is the epiphysis of a long bone?

A

The ends; head and bottom

97
Q

***Bone stem cells are ____

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

98
Q

***What shape classification is the sphenoid bone?

A

irregular

99
Q

***If blood calcium is too high, what hormone is released?

A

CALCITONIN

100
Q

***What bone fracture is commonly caused by physical activity?

A

Stress fracture

101
Q

***What type of bone growth makes bone thicker?

A

Appositonal growth

102
Q

***What is the difference between acromegaly and gigantism?

A

Acromegaly is excessive growth AFTER fusion of epiphyseal growth plates.
Gigantism is growth PRIOR to the fusion of epiphyseal growth plates

ANATOMY (9 decks)

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