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ANATOMY > Ch 13-15 > Flashcards

Ch 13-15 Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the CNS

A

Receiving and processing external sensory information,
integrating information from a wide range of sources, processing it acting on it, or storing it in memory,
sending signals that control the main functions of body tissues,
consciousness, perception of language , senses language, reason, memory, emotion

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2
Q

What are the two types of cell types in the nervous tissue?

A

 Neurons and glial cells

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3
Q

What is a nerve?location?

A

A bundle of axons

outside the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What are the two types of nerves?

A

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

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5
Q

What are spinal nerves?#?

A

Spinal nerves, originate from the spinal cord. There is 31 pairs.

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6
Q

What are cranial nerves? How many are there?

A

Cranial nerves originate from the brain. 12 pairs.

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7
Q

What is ganglion?

A

.
collection of neuron cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

What is plexus?

A

Extensive (network of axons\ nerves) and sometimes neuron cell bodies, located outside CNS

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9
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Supportive cells with many functions

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10
Q

Important facts about the CNS

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
only 10% of CNS cells are neurons the rest are neuroglia.
The CNS is supported by the cerebral spinal fluid.
The CNS is protected by meninges, CSF, and BBB
WHITE MATTER IS INSIDE THE BRAIN , OUTSIDE THE SPINAL CORD

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11
Q

What is the brain protected by?(4)

A

Bones of the skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood brain barrier

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12
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

A liquid cushion

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13
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Controls what passes from blood to brain

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14
Q

What is the meninges composed of?

A

Dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter

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15
Q

Dura matter is?

A

A Thick, strong, connective tissue layer

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16
Q

Arachnoid matter is?

A

A Thin, transparent, fibrous membrane

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17
Q

Pia matter is?

A

Delicate connective tissue layer

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18
Q

What is the space between Dura matter & arachnoid matter called?

A

Subdural space

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19
Q

What is the space between arachnoid matter and pia matter called?

A

Subarachnoid space

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20
Q

What are the three functions of CSF?

A

Homeostatic regulation of ions and nutrients in extracellular environment,

support and cushioning of the brain and spinal cord with buoyant forces,

chemical and immunological buffering of the fluid surrounding neurons and glia

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21
Q

CSF moves throughout the brain through?

A

The ventricles

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22
Q

CSF is produced by which specialized tissue & cell ?

A

Choroid plexus, and ependymal cells within ventricles

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23
Q

Ventricles store ______, and provide a ________ _____ of ____between brain and spinal cord

A

CSF ; CONTINUOUS FLOW OF CSF

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24
Q

What are the functions of the blood brain barrier?(4)

A

Blood brain barrier regulates which substances enter Brain’s interstitial fluid

helps prevent neuron exposure to harmful substances via tight junctions of endothelial cells

some molecules can pass i.e. alcohol,

the BBB is reduced in certain regions of the CNS for functional regions/areas of high hormones, secretion like hypothalamus

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25
How does the CNS maintain blood flow?
Through multiple pairs of blood flow/in case one gets blocked
26
List the safeguards on the CNS to maintain blood flow
Circle of Willis allows blood supplying anterior and posterior portions of brain to overlap, anterior cerebral artery connects both anterior cerebral arteries formation of the basilar artery from the two vertebral arteries and spinal arteries
27
What is a stroke?
Interrupted blood flow to the brain causing neuronal death
28
What are the two types of strokes? Define them
Ischemic: reduced blood flow hemorrhagic: bleeding
29
What are the risk factors for stroke?
Elevated blood pressure, smoking, obesity, elevated blood cholesterol, diabetes, or heart problems
30
What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory/afferent motor/efferent interneurons/association neurons
31
What are sensory/afferent neurons?
Action potential’s towards CNS
32
What are motor/efferent neurons?
Action potentials away from CNS
33
What are interneurons/association neurons?
They are within CNS from one neuron to another
34
How do we structurally classify neurons?(4)
Multipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar, Anaxonic
35
What is multi polar structural classification for neurons?
Most neurons in CNS… Motor neurons
36
What is bipolar structural classification in neurons?
Sensory in retina of the eye and nose
37
What is pseudo-unipolar structural classification in neurons?
Single process that divides into two branches. Part that extends to the periphery has dendrite like sensory receptors.
38
What is the anaxonic structural classification of a neuron?communicate via?
No axons, only dendrites; found in brain and retina, where they only communicate using graded potentials
39
A multipolar neuron has?
Many dendrites, and an axon
40
A bipolar neuron has?
A dendrite and an axon
41
A pseudo unipolar neuron appears?
Appears to have an axon and no dendrites
42
An anaxonic neuron has?
Multiple Branches but no axons
43
Neuroglia make up what percentage of the cells of the CNS?
90%
44
What are the four types of neuroglial cells?
Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes,ependymal cells, microglia
45
Function of oligodendrocytes?
Create myelin sheath surrounding neurons
46
Function of astrocytes
Multiple functions including neurotransmitter secretion/absorption, 3D structure of brain, glycogenesis, fluid regulation, release of ATP, repair
47
Functions of ependymal cells
Secrete CSF
48
Function of microglia
Remove damaged neurons, recognize infectious agents, prevent inflammation Resident macrophages
49
Organization of neurons in CNS: convergent pathways?
Many converge and synapse with smaller number of neurons. For example, synthesis of data and brain.
50
Organization of neurons in CNS; divergent pathways
Small number of presynaptic neurons synapse with large number of postsynaptic neurons. For example, important information can be transmitted to many parts of the brain.
51
Organization of neurons in CNS; reverberating circuit?
Outputs cause reciprocal activation. For example, rhythmic activities, such as breathing.
52
Organization of neurons in CNS; parallel after discharge circuit?
Neurons stimulate several neurons in parallel organization, which converge upon a common output cell For example, complex data processing in brain
53
What are the properties of neuronal circuits?
Develop during fetal/ neonatal growth Cranial or spinal nerve reflexes maintained by use in display plasticity proper wiring is required for control of proper physiological processes simple circuits can regulate complex behavior
54
A ______ is the smallest, simplest neuronal circuit
Reflex arc
55
What are the basic components of a reflex arc?
Sensory neuron, motor neuron, target
56
Reflex arc can be monosynaptic or?
Polysynaptic
57
The reflex arc is made of which two pathways?
Afferent = dorsal, sensory Efferent = ventral, motor
58
What are the four major brain regions?
Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum
59
Cerebrum is the? Has how many hemispheres? Lobes?
Origin of all complex intellectual functions Two hemispheres Five lobes per hemisphere
60
What is Gyri?
Elevated ridges or Hills
61
What is sulci?
Small grooves or valleys
62
What are fissures?
Deep grooves, or canyons
63
Grey Matter and white matter is found where?
The brain and spinal cord
64
What is gray matter made of?
Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
65
What is white matter?
Consists of myelinated axons Organized in bundles called tracts Distribution of white and gray matter is opposite in the brain and spinal cord
66
Frontal lobe function for ?
Thinking, memory, behavior and movement
67
Temporal lobe function for?
Hearing, learning and feelings
68
Brainstem functions for?
Breathing, heart rate, and temperature
69
Parietal functions for?think Wernickes area
Language & touch
70
Occipital lobe functions for?
Sight
71
Cerebellum functions for?
Balance and coordination
72
Insula function?/Hidden lobe
Perception of self; awareness
73
Cerebrum contains motor ___
Areas
74
The cerebrum is housed within the ?
frontal lobes
75
What are the three components of the brain stem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
76
What is the midbrain?
Nerve pathway of the cerebral hemisphere
77
What is the pons?
The relay station from medulla to higher cortical structures of the brain
78
Medulla oblongata?
Relay station between spinal cord and brain
79
What is the arbor vitae?
White matter of the cerebellum
80
What is flocculondular lobe?
Control of balance and eye movements
81
What is the vermis function?
Posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination
82
Lateral hemisphere function?
Planning, practicing, learning complex movements
83
The cerebellum contains the arbor vitae, ______ lobe , vermis, lateral ____
Flocculondular lobe ； hemispheres
84
Structures of the diencephalon?
Thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
85
What is the thalamus?
The largest part of the diencephalon. Receives input from most sensory neurons in the body.
86
What is the subthalamus?
Motor functions
87
What is the epithalamus?
Emotional and visceral responses to odors; biological clock
88
What is the hypothalamus?
A major endocrine tissue; homeostatically regulates many important physiological processes
89
The hippocampus is associated with?
Memory
90
The hippocampus is part of the?
Limbic system
91
What is the limbic system?
The emotional brain. compose of multiple cerebral & Diencephalic structures that process and experience emotions.
92
The hippocampus is associated with ______memory & navigation, verbal memory, and learning of computational information Site of formation of new ____
Spatial ; memories
93
Describe the spinal cord
Long, thin, tubular bundle of neurons
94
What does the spinal cord do?
Carries information to/from the brain
95
The spinal cord is encased in?
Vertebrae and meninges
96
The spinal cord is divided into different segments that corresponds with overlying ____?
Vertebrae
97
White matter is organized into ? How many ? Name them
Funiculi ; dorsal, lateral, and ventral each funiculi is organized into nerve tracts
98
Name the nerves in the spinal cord (4)
Dorsal ramus, ventral ramus , ventral root , dorsal root
99
Function of the dorsal ramus? Ventral ramus?
Dorsal Remus; carries sensory information to and from the back Ventral ramus : carries motor information to and from other parts of the body
100
What is ventral root ? Dorsal root?
Ventral root : motor axons Dorsal root : sensory axons
101
True or false; peripheral nerves contain both motor and sensory neurons
True
102
T or F: Motor neurons can be somatic and autonomic
True Among the motor neurons, some of these are somatic and innervate skeletal muscles while some are autonomic and innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
103
True or false; sensory neurons are subdivided into somatic and autonomic
FALSE Sensory neurons are not subdivided into somatic and autonomic since there is overlap in function; e.g., pain receptors can stimulate both somatic and autonomic reflexes.
104
How does autonomic nervous system maintain homeostasis? Ex?
By regulating involuntary activities • For example, heart rate, breathing rate, body temp, digestion
105
The autonomic nervous system is divided into?
Sympathetic division, parasympathetic division, and enteric nervous system
106
Autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis by adjusting body functions to match the level of?
Physical activity
107
Dual innervation is innervation by both sympathetic and ??
Parasympathetic divisions; most organs are dually innervated
108
Autonomic reflexes ??
Parasympathetic reflex via vagus lowers heart rate Sympathetic reflex via cardiac accelerator nerves (sympathetic) cause heart rate to increase
109
What are some stereotypic responses of the sympathetic division/ FIGHT OR FLIGHT of the ANS?
Increased heart rate, heart contraction force, blood pressure Vasoconstriction of most blood vessels but vasodilation in skeletal muscle, heart, and lung Mobilization of energy sources from liver, skeletal muscles, and adipocytes Increased sweat production Decreased food digestion
110
Stereotypic responses of the parasympathetic division/ REST N DIGEST of the ANS?
Increased mouth saliva Secretion of acid and enzymes in stomach for digestion of food; increased stomach wall tone, and contraction strength Secretion of enzymes and bicarbonate-rich buffers in the small intestine; increased contractions in the G.I. tract Control of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea
111
Which of the following tissues is not a target of the autonomous nervous system?
112
How does an efferent neuron act? What is another name for it ?
Carry motor info away from the CNS to muscles n glands
113
Sensory axons are found in which root of the spinal cord?
Dorsal root
114
• The two sides of the thalamus are connected via the _____
115
• What is CN III?
Oculomotor
116
• What is CN VII?
Facial

ANATOMY (9 decks)

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