Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANATOMY > Ch 13-15 > Flashcards

Ch 13-15 Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the CNS

A

Receiving and processing external sensory information,
integrating information from a wide range of sources, processing it acting on it, or storing it in memory,
sending signals that control the main functions of body tissues,
consciousness, perception of language , senses language, reason, memory, emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two types of cell types in the nervous tissue?

A

 Neurons and glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a nerve?location?

A

A bundle of axons

outside the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of nerves?

A

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are spinal nerves?#?

A

Spinal nerves, originate from the spinal cord. There is 31 pairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are cranial nerves? How many are there?

A

Cranial nerves originate from the brain. 12 pairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ganglion?

A

.
collection of neuron cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is plexus?

A

Extensive (network of axons\ nerves) and sometimes neuron cell bodies, located outside CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Supportive cells with many functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Important facts about the CNS

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
only 10% of CNS cells are neurons the rest are neuroglia.
The CNS is supported by the cerebral spinal fluid.
The CNS is protected by meninges, CSF, and BBB
WHITE MATTER IS INSIDE THE BRAIN , OUTSIDE THE SPINAL CORD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the brain protected by?(4)

A

Bones of the skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

A liquid cushion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Controls what passes from blood to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the meninges composed of?

A

Dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dura matter is?

A

A Thick, strong, connective tissue layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Arachnoid matter is?

A

A Thin, transparent, fibrous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pia matter is?

A

Delicate connective tissue layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the space between Dura matter & arachnoid matter called?

A

Subdural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the space between arachnoid matter and pia matter called?

A

Subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three functions of CSF?

A

Homeostatic regulation of ions and nutrients in extracellular environment,

support and cushioning of the brain and spinal cord with buoyant forces,

chemical and immunological buffering of the fluid surrounding neurons and glia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CSF moves throughout the brain through?

A

The ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

CSF is produced by which specialized tissue & cell ?

A

Choroid plexus, and ependymal cells within ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ventricles store ______, and provide a ________ _____ of ____between brain and spinal cord

A

CSF ; CONTINUOUS FLOW OF CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the functions of the blood brain barrier?(4)

A

Blood brain barrier regulates which substances enter Brain’s interstitial fluid

helps prevent neuron exposure to harmful substances via tight junctions of endothelial cells

some molecules can pass i.e. alcohol,

the BBB is reduced in certain regions of the CNS for functional regions/areas of high hormones, secretion like hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does the CNS maintain blood flow?

A

Through multiple pairs of blood flow/in case one gets blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

List the safeguards on the CNS to maintain blood flow

A

Circle of Willis allows blood supplying anterior and posterior portions of brain to overlap,

anterior cerebral artery connects both anterior cerebral arteries

formation of the basilar artery from the two vertebral arteries and spinal arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Interrupted blood flow to the brain causing neuronal death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the two types of strokes? Define them

A

Ischemic: reduced blood flow
hemorrhagic: bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the risk factors for stroke?

A

Elevated blood pressure, smoking, obesity, elevated blood cholesterol, diabetes, or heart problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory/afferent
motor/efferent
interneurons/association neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are sensory/afferent neurons?

A

Action potential’s towards CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are motor/efferent neurons?

A

Action potentials away from CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are interneurons/association neurons?

A

They are within CNS from one neuron to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How do we structurally classify neurons?(4)

A

Multipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar, Anaxonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is multi polar structural classification for neurons?

A

Most neurons in CNS… Motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is bipolar structural classification in neurons?

A

Sensory in retina of the eye and nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is pseudo-unipolar structural classification in neurons?

A

Single process that divides into two branches. Part that extends to the periphery has dendrite like sensory receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the anaxonic structural classification of a neuron?communicate via?

A

No axons,
only dendrites; found in brain and retina,
where they only communicate using graded potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

A multipolar neuron has?

A

Many dendrites, and an axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

A bipolar neuron has?

A

A dendrite and an axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

A pseudo unipolar neuron appears?

A

Appears to have an axon and no dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

An anaxonic neuron has?

A

Multiple Branches but no axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Neuroglia make up what percentage of the cells of the CNS?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the four types of neuroglial cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes,ependymal cells, microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Create myelin sheath surrounding neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Function of astrocytes

A

Multiple functions including neurotransmitter secretion/absorption, 3D structure of brain, glycogenesis, fluid regulation, release of ATP, repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Functions of ependymal cells

A

Secrete CSF

48
Q

Function of microglia

A

Remove damaged neurons, recognize infectious agents, prevent inflammation

Resident macrophages

49
Q

Organization of neurons in CNS: convergent pathways?

A

Many converge and synapse with smaller number of neurons. For example, synthesis of data and brain.

50
Q

Organization of neurons in CNS; divergent pathways

A

Small number of presynaptic neurons synapse with large number of postsynaptic neurons.

For example, important information can be transmitted to many parts of the brain.

51
Q

Organization of neurons in CNS; reverberating circuit?

A

Outputs cause reciprocal activation.
For example, rhythmic activities, such as breathing.

52
Q

Organization of neurons in CNS; parallel after discharge circuit?

A

Neurons stimulate several neurons in parallel organization, which converge upon a common output cell

For example, complex data processing in brain

53
Q

What are the properties of neuronal circuits?

A

Develop during fetal/ neonatal growth

Cranial or spinal nerve reflexes

maintained by use in display plasticity

proper wiring is required for control of proper physiological processes

simple circuits can regulate complex behavior

54
Q

A ______ is the smallest, simplest neuronal circuit

A

Reflex arc

55
Q

What are the basic components of a reflex arc?

A

Sensory neuron, motor neuron, target

56
Q

Reflex arc can be monosynaptic or?

A

Polysynaptic

57
Q

The reflex arc is made of which two pathways?

A

Afferent = dorsal, sensory

Efferent = ventral, motor

58
Q

What are the four major brain regions?

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

59
Q

Cerebrum is the?
Has how many hemispheres? Lobes?

A

Origin of all complex intellectual functions

Two hemispheres
Five lobes per hemisphere

60
Q

What is Gyri?

A

Elevated ridges or Hills

61
Q

What is sulci?

A

Small grooves or valleys

62
Q

What are fissures?

A

Deep grooves, or canyons

63
Q

Grey Matter and white matter is found where?

A

The brain and spinal cord

64
Q

What is gray matter made of?

A

Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

65
Q

What is white matter?

A

Consists of myelinated axons

Organized in bundles called tracts

Distribution of white and gray matter is opposite in the brain and spinal cord

66
Q

Frontal lobe function for ?

A

Thinking, memory, behavior and movement

67
Q

Temporal lobe function for?

A

Hearing, learning and feelings

68
Q

Brainstem functions for?

A

Breathing, heart rate, and temperature

69
Q

Parietal functions for?think Wernickes area

A

Language & touch

70
Q

Occipital lobe functions for?

A

Sight

71
Q

Cerebellum functions for?

A

Balance and coordination

72
Q

Insula function?/Hidden lobe

A

Perception of self; awareness

73
Q

Cerebrum contains motor ___

A

Areas

74
Q

The cerebrum is housed within the ?

A

frontal lobes

75
Q

What are the three components of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

76
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Nerve pathway of the cerebral hemisphere

77
Q

What is the pons?

A

The relay station from medulla to higher cortical structures of the brain

78
Q

Medulla oblongata?

A

Relay station between spinal cord and brain

79
Q

What is the arbor vitae?

A

White matter of the cerebellum

80
Q

What is flocculondular lobe?

A

Control of balance and eye movements

81
Q

What is the vermis function?

A

Posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination

82
Q

Lateral hemisphere function?

A

Planning, practicing, learning complex movements

83
Q

The cerebellum contains the arbor vitae, ______ lobe , vermis, lateral ____

A

Flocculondular lobe ； hemispheres

84
Q

Structures of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

85
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

The largest part of the diencephalon. Receives input from most sensory neurons in the body.

86
Q

What is the subthalamus?

A

Motor functions

87
Q

What is the epithalamus?

A

Emotional and visceral responses to odors; biological clock

88
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

A major endocrine tissue; homeostatically regulates many important physiological processes

89
Q

The hippocampus is associated with?

A

Memory

90
Q

The hippocampus is part of the?

A

Limbic system

91
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

The emotional brain. compose of multiple cerebral & Diencephalic structures that process and experience emotions.

92
Q

The hippocampus is associated with ______memory & navigation, verbal memory, and learning of computational information

Site of formation of new ____

A

Spatial ; memories

93
Q

Describe the spinal cord

A

Long, thin, tubular bundle of neurons

94
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

Carries information to/from the brain

95
Q

The spinal cord is encased in?

A

Vertebrae and meninges

96
Q

The spinal cord is divided into different segments that corresponds with overlying ____?

A

Vertebrae

97
Q

White matter is organized into ?
How many ? Name them

A

Funiculi ;

dorsal, lateral, and ventral

each funiculi is organized into nerve tracts

98
Q

Name the nerves in the spinal cord (4)

A

Dorsal ramus, ventral ramus , ventral root , dorsal root

99
Q

Function of the dorsal ramus? Ventral ramus?

A

Dorsal Remus; carries sensory information to and from the back

Ventral ramus : carries motor information to and from other parts of the body

100
Q

What is ventral root ? Dorsal root?

A

Ventral root : motor axons

Dorsal root : sensory axons

101
Q

True or false;
peripheral nerves contain both motor and sensory neurons

A

True

102
Q

T or F: Motor neurons can be somatic and autonomic

A

True

Among the motor neurons, some of these are somatic and innervate skeletal muscles while some are autonomic and innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

103
Q

True or false; sensory neurons are subdivided into somatic and autonomic

A

FALSE

Sensory neurons are not subdivided into somatic and autonomic since there is overlap in function; e.g., pain receptors can stimulate both somatic and autonomic reflexes.

104
Q

How does autonomic nervous system maintain homeostasis?

Ex?

A

By regulating involuntary activities

• For example, heart rate, breathing rate, body temp, digestion

105
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into?

A

Sympathetic division, parasympathetic division, and enteric nervous system

106
Q

Autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis by adjusting body functions to match the level of?

A

Physical activity

107
Q

Dual innervation is innervation by both sympathetic and ??

A

Parasympathetic divisions; most organs are dually innervated

108
Q

Autonomic reflexes ??

A

Parasympathetic reflex via vagus lowers heart rate

Sympathetic reflex via cardiac accelerator nerves (sympathetic) cause heart rate to increase

109
Q

What are some stereotypic responses of the sympathetic division/ FIGHT OR FLIGHT of the ANS?

A

Increased heart rate, heart contraction force, blood pressure

Vasoconstriction of most blood vessels but vasodilation in skeletal muscle, heart, and lung

Mobilization of energy sources from liver, skeletal muscles, and adipocytes

Increased sweat production

Decreased food digestion

110
Q

Stereotypic responses of the parasympathetic division/ REST N DIGEST of the ANS?

A

Increased mouth saliva

Secretion of acid and enzymes in stomach for digestion of food; increased stomach wall tone, and contraction strength

Secretion of enzymes and bicarbonate-rich buffers in the small intestine; increased contractions in the G.I. tract

Control of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea

111
Q

Which of the following tissues is not a target of the autonomous nervous system?

A
112
Q

How does an efferent neuron act? What is another name for it ?

A

Carry motor info away from the CNS to muscles n glands

113
Q

Sensory axons are found in which root of the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal root

114
Q

• The two sides of the thalamus are connected via the _____

A
115
Q

• What is CN III?

A

Oculomotor

116
Q

• What is CN VII?

A

Facial

ANATOMY (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions