Anatomy Ch 4 part two

Question 1

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 1

Movement of impermeable solutes using transport proteins.

Question 1

What happens to a cell when placed into a hypotonic solution?

Answer 1

The cell would engorge and possibly lyse as water entered from the extracellular space

Question 2

What is active transport?

Answer 2

Movement of a solute against its concentration
gradient, from lower to higher concentration.

Question 3

What is the source of energy that determines
whether movement in active transport is primary or
secondary?

Answer 3

ATP determines whether
movement is primary or secondary.

Question 4

What is an example of a carrier protein that
performs active transport?

Answer 4

The sodium-potassium pump.

Question 5

What is an example of a channel protein that
performs active transport?

Answer 5

The proton pump.

Question 6

What is vesicular transport?

Answer 6

Vesicular transport is a type of active transport

Question 7

What is the mechanism of action of
co-transporters?

Answer 7

They use ATP indirectly to perform active transport.

Question 8

What is the difference between vesicular transport
and active transport?

Answer 8

Vesicular transport involves energy input to transport large substances across the plasma membrane by a vesicle, while active transport uses
co-transporters to move substances across the membrane.

Question 9

What is exocytosis?

Answer 9

Exocytosis is a process of active transport where large substances are secreted from the cell by vesicle and plasma membrane fusion.

Question 10

What is endocytosis?

Answer 10

Endocytosis is a process of active transport where
large substances are taken up by the cell from the external environment by forming a pocket that
pinches off to form a vesicle.

Question 11

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 11

Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis where a cell
engulfs a large particle external to the cell, forming
large extensions called pseudopodia.

Question 12

Is phagocytosis endocytosis or exocytosis?

Answer 12

Endocytosis

Question 13

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 13

a type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs a large particle external to the cell, enclosing it in a membrane sac which is internalized and digested
after fusing with lysosome.

Question 14

What is pinocytosis?

Answer 14

It is a type of endocytosis where small vesicles are
formed to internalize droplets of interstitial fluid
containing dissolved solutes, and is performed by
most cells.

Question 15

What are the three modes of cell signaling?

Answer 15

The three modes of cell signaling are autocrine,
paracrine, and endocrine

Question 16

Which mode of signaling is described when the
pancreas releases insulin which travels through the
circulatory system and acts on distant cells?

Answer 16

This describes endocrine signaling

Question 17

Why is it important to consider how cells interact
with the extracellular matrix?

Answer 17

Just as cells communicate through signaling
molecules, understanding how cells interact with the
extracellular matrix is important for understanding
cell behavior and function.

Question 18

What is the main function of a hemidesmosome?

Answer 18

The main function of a hemidesmosome is to attach
the base of tissue to ECM.

Question 19

Describe this molecule: a ____ attaches to two adjacent cells together and provides elasticity to tissue structure

Answer 19

Desmosome

Question 20

What are the components of a desmosome?

Answer 20

The components of a desmosome are Cadherins,
intermediate filaments

Question 21

What is the main function of an adherins junction?

Answer 21

The main function of an adherins junction is to
attach two adjacent cells together in a rigid fashion.
- not enough flexibility within cells; cells stay in place

Question 22

What is the main function of a tight junction?

Answer 22

The main function of a tight junction is to prevent
the passage of molecules in the extracellular space
between two adjacent cells
-

Question 23

What is the main function of gap junctions?

Answer 23

To provide a direct passageway for small molecules to move between two adjacent cells.
- also allow sharing of water and nutrients
- both cells have to have them tho

Question 24

What is mitosis?

Answer 24

Cell division that occurs in somatic cells (all cells other than sex cells)
- think of your toes

Question 25

What is meiosis?

Answer 25

Cell division in sex cells (cells that give rise to
sperm or oocytes).

Question 26

What is the purpose of cell division?

Answer 26

To produce two cells necessary for development,
tissue growth, replacement of old cells, and tissue
repair.

Question 27

What happens to cells that are no longer needed,
have run their lifespan, or are damaged beyond
repair?

Answer 27

they die via apoptosis

Question 28

What is apoptosis?

Answer 28

A highly regulated process where cells are broken
down in an orderly manner, and cell debris is
cleared by macrophages or uptaken into neighbor
cells.

Question 29

What actions are initiated by enzymes during
apoptosis?

Answer 29

Destruction of DNA polymera

Question 30

What is necrosis?

Answer 30

Necrosis is a type of cell death that occurs when
cells are majorly injured at a very quick rate or are
infected with pathogens. It exhibits cell lysis, causes
inflammation, and damages the surrounding
environment.

Question 31

What are the components of a protein?

Answer 31

Structurally, proteins contain a hydrogen, amine group, carboxyl group, and an R group.

Question 32

what are the three types of channel proteins?

Answer 32

Voltage-gated, ligand-gated (intracellular and extracelular), and mechanosensitive

Question 33

What action must be taken for the voltage-gated channel protein to permit the flow of solutes?

Answer 33

Must be a change in electricity across the cell membrane, which opens the channel

Question 34

What action must be taken for the ligand-gated channel protein to permit the flow of solutes?

Answer 34

The molecule must physically bind to the channel to open them up.
- there is a space on the channel protein just fo the molecule to bind to

Question 35

What action must be taken for the mechanosensitive channel protein to permit the flow of solutes?

Answer 35

• There must be force applied/physical tension to pull the channel apart.
• Additionally, slapping of tension must be applied to close them up

Question 36

T or F: The proton pump is an example of a carrier protein

Answer 36

False.
- The proton pump is an example of a channel protein that performs active transport
- Generates membrane potential

Question 37

____ use ATP INDIRECTLY to perform active transport

Answer 37

Co-transporters

Question 38

T or F: every cell is involved in pinocytosis

Answer 38

TRUEEE

Question 39

Name this type of cell signaling: Local allergic skin reactions, hormones provided by the ovaries and testes

Answer 39

Paracrine

Question 40

Along with junctions giving cells their stability, what else keeps them stable?
- what would happen if they aren’t stable

Answer 40

THE ECM
- extracellular matrix

• All junctions are used so the cell is stationary. If the cell isn’t stationary, then cancer occurs. Cells have to be anchored to their specific tissue

Question 41

What is the importance of somatic cell division? *think mitosis

Answer 41

To replace old tissues, tissue growth, necessary for development, and tissue repair

Question 42

Which step of interphase ensures that there are double organelles?

Answer 42

• need to make sure there is TWO for cell division and the answer is G2

Question 43

How many steps of interphase are there? list them