Ch 14

Question 1

In a healthy, alert adult sitting with their eyes closed, the dominant EEG rhythm observed with electrodes over the occipital lobes is
A. delta (0.5–4 Hz).
B. theta (4–7 Hz).
C. alpha (8–13 Hz).
D. beta (18–30 Hz).
E. fast, irregular low-voltage activity.

Answer 1

C. alpha (8–13 Hz).

Question 2

A 35-year-old man spent the evening in a sleep clinic to determine whether he had obstructive sleep apnea. The tests showed that NREM sleep accounted for over 30% of his total sleep time. Which of the following pattern of changes in central neurotransmitters or neuromodulators are associated with the transition from NREM to wakefulness?
A. Decrease in norepinephrine, increase in serotonin, increase in acetylcholine, decrease in histamine, and decrease in GABA.
B. Decrease in norepinephrine, increase in serotonin, increase in acetylcholine, decrease in histamine, and increase in GABA.
C. Decrease in norepinephrine, decrease in serotonin, increase in acetylcholine, increase in histamine, and increase in GABA.
D. Increase in norepinephrine, increase in serotonin, decrease in acetylcholine, increase in histamine, and decrease in GABA.
E. Increase in norepinephrine, decrease in serotonin, decrease in acetylcholine, increase in histamine, and decrease in GABA.

Answer 2

D. Increase in norepinephrine, increase in serotonin, decrease in acetylcholine, increase in histamine, and decrease in GABA.

Question 3

A gamma rhythm (30–80 Hz)
A. is characteristic of seizure activity.
B. is seen in an individual who is awake but not focused.
C. may be a mechanism to bind together sensory information
into a single percept and action.
D. is independent of thalamocortical loops.
E. is generated in the hippocampus.

Answer 3

C. may be a mechanism to bind together sensory information

Question 4

For the past several months, a 67-year-old woman experienced difficulty initiating and/or maintaining sleep several times a week. A friend suggested that she take melatonin to regulate her sleep–wake cycle. Melatonin secretion would probably not be increased by
A. stimulation of the superior cervical ganglia.
B. intravenous infusion of tryptophan.
C. intravenous infusion of epinephrine.
D. stimulation of the optic nerve.
E. induction of pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase.

Answer 4

D. stimulation of the optic nerve.

Question 5

Childhood absence epilepsy was diagnosed in a 10-year-old boy. His EEG showed a bilateral synchronous, symmetric 3-Hz spike-and-wave discharge. Absence seizures
A. are a form of nonconvulsive generalized seizures accompanied by momentary loss of consciousness.
B. are a form of complex partial seizures accompanied by momentary loss of consciousness.
C. are a form of nonconvulsive generalized seizures without a loss of consciousness.
D. are a form of simple partial seizures without a loss of consciousness.
E. are a form of convulsive generalized seizures accompanied by momentary loss of consciousness.

Answer 5

A. are a form of nonconvulsive generalized seizures accompanied by momentary loss of consciousness.

Question 6

A 57-year-old professor at a medical school experienced numerous episodes of a sudden loss of muscle tone and an irresistible urge to sleep in the middle of the afternoon. The diagnosis was narcolepsy, which
A. is characterized by a sudden onset of NREM sleep.
B. has a familial incidence associated with a class II antigen of the major histocompatibility complex.
C. may be due to the presence of an excessive number of orexin-producing neurons in the hypothalamus.
D. is often effectively treated with dopamine receptor agonists.
E. is the most common cause of daytime sleepiness.

Answer 6

D. is often effectively treated with dopamine receptor agonists.