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PSYCH 1000--General Psychology > CH. 14: Social Psychology > Flashcards

CH. 14: Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

social psychology

A

the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others

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2
Q

attitudes

A

evaluations of people, objects, ideas, and behavior

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3
Q

What 3 factors does the ease with which attitudes can be changed depend on?

A
  1. message source
  2. characteristics of the message
  3. characteristics of the target
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4
Q

attitude communicator

A

a person who delivers a persuasive message

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5
Q

central route processing

A

the type of mental processing that occurs when a persuasive message is evaluated by thoughtful consideration of the issues and arguments used to persuade

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6
Q

peripheral route processing

A

the type of mental processing that occurs when a persuasive message is evaluated on the basis of irrelevant or extraneous factors

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7
Q

What kind of people use central route processing?

A

people who are highly involved and motivated

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8
Q

What kind of people use peripheral route processing?

A

people who are uninvolved, disinterested, bored, or distracted

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9
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

the mental conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes

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10
Q

What is an example of cognitive dissonance?

A

(1) I smoke and (2) smoking leads to lung cancer

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11
Q

What are 4 ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

A
  1. modify one or both of the cognitions
  2. change the perceived importance of one cognition
  3. add cognitions
  4. deny that the two cognitions are related to each other
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12
Q

social cognition

A

the cognitive processes by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves

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13
Q

schemas

A

organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled

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14
Q

impression formation

A

the process by which an individual organizes information about another person to form an overall impression of that person

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15
Q

central traits

A

the major traits considered in forming impressions of others

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16
Q

attribution theory

A

considers how we decide, on the basis of samples of a person’s behavior, what the specific causes of that behavior are

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17
Q

situational causes (of behavior)

A

causes of behavior that are external to a person

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18
Q

dispositional causes (of behavior)

A

perceived causes of behavior brought by a person’s traits or personality characteristics

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19
Q

halo effect

A

a phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive or negative traits is used to infer other uniformly positive or negative characteristics

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20
Q

assumed-similarity bias

A

the tendency to think of people as being similar to oneself even when meeting them for the first time

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21
Q

self-serving bias

A

the tendency to attribute success to personal factors (skill, ability, or effort) and failure to factors outside oneself

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22
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

a tendency to overattribute others’ behavior to dispositional causes and minimize the importance of situational causes

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23
Q

behavioral economics

A

concerned with how economic conditions are affected by biases and irrationality

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24
Q

Awareness of attribution biases has led in part what?

A

a new branch of economics called behavioral economics

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25
social influence
the process by which social groups and individuals exert pressure on an individual, either deliberately or unintentionally
26
groups
consist of two or more people
27
What are the 3 functions of groups?
1. interact with one another 2. perceive themselves as part of a group 3. are interdependent--that is, events that affect one member affect others, and members' behavior has significant consequences for the group's success
28
What do groups develop and hold?
norms
29
norms
informal beliefs, expectations, and standards about what is appropriate
30
conformity
a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people
31
status
the social standing of someone in a group
32
social supporter
a group member whose dissenting views make nonconformity to the group easier
33
groupthink
a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view
34
entrapment
a circumstance in which commitments to a failing point of view or course of action are increased to justify investments in time and energy that have already been made
35
compliance
behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure
36
norm of reciprocity
the social standard that we should treat other people as they treat us
37
industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology
the branch of psychology focusing on work- and job-related issues
38
obedience
a change in behavior in response to the commands of others
39
stereotype
a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a specific group and its members
40
prejudice
a negative (or positive) evaluation of a group and its members
41
discrimination
behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group
42
What does prejudice relate to?
attitudes
43
What does discrimination relate to?
behavior
44
self-fulfilling prophecy
expectations about the occurrence of a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood the event or behavior will occur
45
What 4 factors do observational observational learning approaches suggest that feelings about members of various groups are shaped by?
1. the behavior of parents, other adults, and peers 2. imitating the behavior of adult models 3. even subtle and ambiguous forms of discriminatory behavior 4. the mass media
46
social identity theory
suggests that people us group membership as a source of pride and self-worth, and they tend to be ethnocentric
47
ethnocentric
refers to viewing the world from one's own perspective and judging others in terms of their group membership
48
ingroup
our groups
49
outgroups
groups we don't belong to
50
social neuroscience
seeks to identify the neural basis of social behavior
51
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
measures attitudes about which people might not be consciously aware as well as attitudes they wish to keep hidden
52
What are 5 strategies psychologists have developed to reduce prejudice and discrimination?
1. increasing contact between the target of stereotyping and holder of the stereotype 2. making values and norms against prejudice more conspicuous 3. providing information about the targets of stereotyping 4. reducing stereotype threat 5. increasing the sense of social belonging of ethnic minority
53
What do African Americans in particular suffer from?
stereotype vulnerability
54
stereotype vulnerability
obstacles to performance that stem from their awareness of society's stereotypes
55
interpersonal attraction (or close relationship)
positive feelings for others; liking and loving
56
What are 4 important factors that affect interpersonal attraction?
1. proximity 2. mere exposure 3. similarity 4. physical attractiveness
57
reciprocity-of-liking effect
a tendency to like those who like us
58
passionate (romantic) love
a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense psychological arousal, psychological interest, and caring the needs of another
59
companionate love
the strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved
60
According to psychologist Robert Sternberg, love consists of what 3 parts?
1. decision/commitment 2. intimacy component 3. passion component
61
decision/commitment
the initial thought that one loves someone and the longer-term feelings of commitment to maintain love
62
intimacy component
the feelings of closeness and connectedness
63
passion component
the motivational drive relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance
64
aggression
the intentional injury of, or harm to, another person
65
microagressions
small, daily slights, putdowns, and insults, often perpetrated against members of marginalized groups based on race, gender, and sexual orientation
66
catharsis
the process of discharging built-up aggressive energy
67
frustration-aggression approaches
explain how frustration produces anger, which in turn produces a readiness to act aggressively
68
aggressive cues
stimuli associated in the past with actual aggression or violence
69
observational learning theory
emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive
70
models
individuals who provide a guide to appropriate behavior through their own behavior
71
prosocial behavior
helping behavior
72
diffusion of responsibility
the belief that responsibility for taking action is shared, or diffused, among those present
73
altruism
behavior meant to help another person without regard for self-interest, containing an element of sacrifice

PSYCH 1000--General Psychology (12 decks)

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