CH. 7 Flashcards
intelligence
the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges
g or g-factor
the single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence
fluid intelligence
reflects the ability to think logically, reason abstractly, solve problems, and find patterns
crystallized intelligence
the accumulation of information, knowledge, and skills that people have learned through experience and education
What does crystallized intelligence reflect?
the facts we have learned and the information that resides in our long-term memory
theory of multiple intelligences
psychologist Howard Gardner’s intelligence theory that proposes there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence
existential intelligence
involving identifying and thinking about the fundamental questions of human existence (excluded from the 8 kinds of intelligence)
practical intelligence
according to psychologist Robert Sternberg, intelligence related to overall success in living
What are 2 types of practical intelligence?
- analytical intelligence
- creative intelligence
analytical intelligence
focuses on the traditional types of problems measured on IQ tests
creative intelligence
involves the generation of novel ideas and products
emotional intelligence
a set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions
intelligence tests
tests devised to quantify a person’s level of intelligence
How have intelligence tests proved of great benefit? (3)
- identifying students in need of special attention in school
- diagnosing specific learning difficulties
- helping people make the best education and vocational choices
What completely erroneous idea did Francis Galton put forth?
the idea that head size and shape are related to intellectual performance
mental age
age for which a given level of performance is average
intelligence quotient (IQ)
takes into account an individual’s mental age (MA) and chronological age (CA)
What did Alfred Binet develop?
the first real intelligence test (IQ)
What does the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale consists of?
a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested
Which IQ tests are most frequently used in the US?
the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-V (WISC-V)
What do the WAIS and the WISC measure?
- verbal comprehension
- perceptual reasoning
- working memory
- processing speed
reliability
the consistency of a test measuring what it is trying to measure
validity
the degree to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure
What are 2 prerequisites for accurate assessment of intelligence?
- reliability
- validity
norms
standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person’s score on a test with the scores of other individuals who have taken the same test
adaptive testing
not every test-taker receives identical sets of questions; or every test-taker receives different sets of test questions
What is an advantage of adaptive testing?
the total time spent on the test is shorter than traditional tests
What are 2 disadvantages of adaptive testing?
- a large number of test items must be created and calibrated
- early mistakes by test takers can hurt final scores
intellectual disability
a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills
What is your degree of intellectual disability if you have an IQ of 55-69?
Mild
What is your degree of intellectual disability if you have an IQ of 40-54?
Moderate
What is your degree of intellectual disability if you have an IQ of 25-39?
Severe
What is your degree of intellectual disability if you have an IQ below 25?
Profound
What degree of intellectual disability do 90% of all people with intellectual disabilities have?
Mild
fetal alcohol syndrome
the most common cause of intellectual disability in newborns, occurring when the mother uses alcohol during pregnancy
down syndrome
another major cause, in which a person is born with 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46
familial intellectual disability
intellectual disability in which no apparent biological or genetic problems exist, but there is a history of intellectual disability among family members
In most cases of down syndrome, there is an extra copy of which chromosome?
21st
What does the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142) permit?
- people with intellectual disabilities are entitled to a full education
- must be educated and trained in the least restrictive environment
mainstreaming
integration into regular classrooms
full inclusion
total integration of all students, even those with the most severe intellectual disabilities, into regular classrooms
intellectually gifted
the 2% to 4% segment of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130
culture-fair IQ test
a test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group
hertiability
the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors
