Ch 13

Question 1

Cauda Equina

Answer 1

(Spinal)Nerve extensions from the spinal cord that serve the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. *How the spinal cord extends down to lower parts of body

Question 2

Dura Mater

Answer 2

Multiple layers of Dense irregular tissue loosely wrapped around spinal cord.
Acts as a stabilizer
Most outer layer

Question 3

Epidural Space

Answer 3

Space just above/superficial to dura mater that contains adipose tissue, blood vessels, and nerves.
-Anesthetics are often delivered here

Question 4

Potential Space (Subdural)

Answer 4

Beneath/deep to dura mater. Place where space can (POTENTIALLY) develop under certain circumstances

Question 5

Arachnoid Mater

Answer 5

2nd connective tissue layer deep to Dura Mater

-Collagen

Question 6

Sub- Arachnoid space

Answer 6

Space where cerebral spinal fluid circulating around the spinal cord

Question 7

Pia Mater

Answer 7

(Deepest layer) Thin CT cover connected to/ on top of spinal cord
-cover extends past conus medularis/end of spinal cord to form filum terminale

Question 8

Filum Terminale -“Terminal Thread”, Terminal Filument

Question 9

Dura and Arachnoid maters extend to S2

Question 10

Lumbar cistern

Answer 10

Container that contains CSF and is where Spinal taps are performed to check for pathologies.

Question 11

Central Canal

Answer 11

Ependymal cells that produce and circulate CSF are found here
Open canal for kids-Closed canal for adults

Question 12

Grey Commisure

Answer 12

Central division that Divides Left and right grey Matter
-important structure for interneurons that help propagate action potentials from one side of spinal cord to the other.

Question 13

Dorsal Gray Horns

Answer 13

-For sensory Action Potentials that are coming into the spinal cord.
-(Input region of spinal cord)
-found here are Unmylinated portions of sensory neurons

Question 14

Lateral Gray Horns

Answer 14

Found here are neurosoma and initial segments of autonomic neurons

Question 15

Ventral Gray Horns

Answer 15

Contain nuerosoma and axon hillock’s initial segment of Motor neurons exiting spinal cord to their effector signals(Cells/Tissue/Organs)

Question 16

White Matter

Answer 16

Contains myelinated axons of neurons of spinal cord

Question 17

Dorsal/Posterior Root

Answer 17

Contains axons that delivers sensory information into spinal cord

-For Sensory neurons’ Action Potential being sent towards grey matter of spinal cord

Question 18

Root Ganglion

Answer 18

Enlargement due to buildup of Neurosoma of unipolar neurons

Question 19

Ventral/Anterior Root

Answer 19

Contains axons of either autonomic or motor neurons that leave the spinal cord to deliver Action potential to effector: cell/tissue/organ

Question 20

31 Pairs (Total)

Answer 20

Spinal Nerves

Question 21

Mismatch Between Cervical Vertebra and Cervical Spinal Nerves?

Answer 21

Because Spinal nerve c1 is above cervical vertebrae c1

Question 22

Ramus

Answer 22

Branch off of spinal nerve that provides both sensory and Motor output to the trunk

Question 23

Posterior/Dorsal Ramus

Answer 23

Contains axons of Sensory &Motor Neurons that activate/innervate limb muscles and skin in the back region

Question 24

8

Answer 24

Pairs of Cervical Nerves

Question 25

12

Answer 25

Thoracic Nerve Pairs

Question 26

5

Answer 26

Lumbar nerve pairs - includes cuada equina

Question 27

5

Answer 27

Sacral Nerve Pairs

Question 28

1

Answer 28

Coccygeal pair

Question 29

Anterior Ramus

Answer 29

Contains axons of Sensory &Motor Neurons that activate/innervate limb muscles and skin in the ventro-lateral(front-side) region.

Question 30

Plexus

Answer 30

Result of Anterior Rami that anastomose/merge together to form a network/web

Question 31

Cervical Plexus(head/kneck

Answer 31

Phrenic Nerve- motor axons that serve the diaphragm. Provide contraction & relaxation of muscle for breathing

Question 32

Brachial Plexus( arms, neck, shoulders)

Answer 32

Musculocutaneous Nerve( provides motor innervation to biceps brachii)

Question 33

Lumbar Plexus( lower ab, gluteal, genital, and legs)

Answer 33

Femoral Nerve( provides motor innervation to Recuts Femoris)

Question 34

Sacral Plexus( Motor & Sensory for gluteal, genital, & legs)

Answer 34

Inferior Gluteal Nerve- Contains Alpha Motor neurons that innervate the Gluteus Maximus

Question 35

Coccygeal Plexus (genital)

Answer 35

Pudenal Nerve- alpha motor neurons that innervate sex organs( penis, clitoris)

Question 36

Spinal Tracts

Answer 36

Myelinated axons/White Matter within spinal cord

Question 37

Cuneate & Gracile Fasciculus (Proprioception Sensory Tract 1)

Answer 37

(Ascending) Spinal Tracts that are responsible for proprioception. Myelinated axons deliver sensory information up to brain

Question 38

Spinoreticular Tract (nociception Sensory Tract 2)

Answer 38

(Ascending) Spinal Tracts that are responsible for nociception. Myelinated axons of neurons that deliver/conduct action potentials, that integrates pain into the brain.

Question 39

Spinothalamic Tract

Answer 39

(Ascending Tract) Neurons synapse in Thalamus. Tickle, itch, light touch

Question 40

Corticospinal Tract

Answer 40

(Descending Tract frm Motor Cortex) Major tract that synapses with Alpha Motor Neurons to generate Muscle contraction

Question 41

Cerebral Cortex- GreyMatter of Brain

Answer 41

Receives action potential from Third order neuron which enables awareness of sensory information.

Question 42

Reflex

Answer 42

[Quick-Involuntary-Stereotyped] reaction to stimuli

Question 43

Somatic Reflex

Answer 43

Skeletal Muscle reflexes

Question 44

Spinal (cord) reflexes

Answer 44

Spinal cord is the integrating center and brain isn’t needed for reflex to happen

Question 45

Cranial (nerve) reflex

Answer 45

Blinking, gagging, pupil dilation/constriction

Question 46

Visceral Reflex

Answer 46

Involuntary neural reflexes of organs( heart, stomach, etc)

Question 47

Somatic Reflex

Answer 47

Skeletal Muscle reflex/reaction to harmful stimuli

Question 48

Reflex Arc

Answer 48

1.Receptor 2. Afferent Neurons- generate Action Potential(afferent signal) 3. Integrating Center- Spinal Cord, brainstem(Medulla Oblongata & Pons) 4. Efferent Neurons - Action Potential(Efferent Signal) 5. Effector organ/tissue/cells

Question 49

Muscle Spindle

Answer 49

Modified skeletal muscle cell that plays a sensory function in reflexes and proprioception.

Question 50

Muscle Spindle(2)

Answer 50

Allows brain to maintain ongoing knowledge/awareness of muscle’s contractile state and muscle position, as sensory neuron is wound around fibers.

Question 51

Gamma Motor Neurons

Answer 51

(Adjust sensitivity) Contracts muscle spindle when muscle is shortened, relax spindle when stretched

Question 52

Mechanoreceptor

Answer 52

Muscle Spindle

Question 53

Reciprical Inhibition

Answer 53

Activation of one muscle group while simultaneously inhibiting the other