CH 13 & 15 Flashcards
What is aging?
a continual process of biologic, cognitive, and psychosocial
When does aging begin
conception
What has caused our longevity increase
healthier // lifestyle health care & nutrition improved technology & education genetics persons personality
What are some myths about older adults
older adults are sick older adults cant learn new things older adults are not sexually active older adults are poor older adults are unhappy
Being an older adult is?
your perception of aging that influences your definition of being old
food intolerance causes
immune disorder
what is young old
65-74
what is middle old
75-84
what is very old
85 and beyond
What is centenarians
people who are 100 or older
what are gerontologists theory
specialists in the study of aging claim aging is determined by genetics
what are biologic theories
theories based on cellular function and body physiology (body time clock)
what are free radical theory
believes cells are damaged by toxins, ion break off from ion pairs, and the result free radicals are unstable
what is the wear and tear theory
states that the body cells and organs eventually wear out like machinery
what is the immune system theory
the system loses its ability to protect the body from disease
what is the autoimmune theory
here the body no longer recognizes itself and begins to attack its self and break down as it occurs in some types of arthritis
what is psychosocial theories
related to socialism and life satisfaction
what are disengagement theory
that it is normal for older people and society to withdraw from each other
what is activity theory
people who remain interested and active will continue to enjoy life and to live longer
what is continuity theory
each person continues to live and develop as the unique person he or she is
what is the lifespan for humans
115-130 years old
what is longevity
length of life
whats is demographic
statistics about populations
what training can improve balance and help prevent falls
resistance training
what can be an early sign of dementia in older people
depression
what are the signs and symptoms of depression in older adults
- feeling sad or empty
- feeling hopeless, irritable, anxious, or guilty
- loss of interest in favorite activities
- feeling very tired
- no able to concentrate or remember details
- not able to sleep or sleep to much
- overeating or not eating enough
- aces, pains, cramps, of digestive problems
- suicidal thoughts/attempts
T/F older people are more like to act on suicide thoughts
TRUE
What is benign senescence
normal physical changes of aging, begins early in adulthood but goes unnoticed until a problem occurs
What are three top common health concerns for people 75+
1- hypertension
2- arthritis
3- heart disease
What are 8 leading causes of death
1- heart disease 2-cancer 3-chronic lower respiratory disease 4-stroke 5- alzeimer's disease 6-diabetes 7-influenza 8- pneumonia
Schaie’s stage of cognitive development for older adults is called the ________. This states that older adults are more selective about how they spend their day.
reintegrative stage
What is wisdom
having good judgement based on accumulated knowledge
What is ageism
discrimination because of age
what does ego integrity mean
state of being complete
what dies reminiscence mean
reviewing ones life
what are three things adult children should try to do
1) plan ahead
2) include everyone
3) find important information
What is an inter-generational household
where a grandparent or grandparents live with kids/grand-kids
what are some types of changes in cardio vascular system
increased heart size, decreased cardiac input, causing less blood to flow to other organs, thickened heart valves and blood vessels, slower blood cell production, and immune response
what are some types of changes in respiratory problems
thickened alveolar walls, causing less elasticity, weakened respiratory muscles. decreased vital capacity and tidal volume. decreased number of cilia
what are some types of changes in musculoskeletal
thin inter-vertebral disks, decreased bone calcium, and smaller muscle mass. less elasticity of ligaments and tendons. degeneration of cartilage
what are some types of changes in integumentary
thinner/drier skin, loss of subcutaneous fat, slowed rate of hair and nail growth
what are some types of changes in urologic
decreased bladder capacity and tone, loss of nephrons, slowed function of remaining nephrons, decreased sphincter control
what are some types of changes in neurologic
vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, balance, and reflexes
what are some types of changes in endocrine
slowed production of all hormones. decreased metabolic rate. delayed insulin response
what are some types of changes in gastrointestinal
decreased secretion of saliva, slowed peristalsis, and pancreatic functions, slowed liver, reduced absorption of nutrients
what are some types of changes in reproductive
decreased hormone production, atrophy of ovaries, uterus, and vagina: benign prostatic hypertrophy slowed sexual responses
Virginia Satir noted that when people experience change, loss, and grief they go through six stages
1) Status quo
2) introduction of a foreign element
3) chaos
4) integration
5) practice
6) new status quo
What is loss?
no longer possessing or having an object, person, or capacity
What is grief?
an emotional reaction to loss
What are the symptoms of grief?
1) depression, sadness, crying, and mood swings
2) fatigue, apathy, lack of interest/motivation, inability to concentrate, inability to complete tasks
3) loneliness and isolation
4) sleep altercations
5) loss of apatite, weight loss, weight gain
6) anxiety, shortness of breathe, rapid heart beat, sighing, and heaviness of chest
What is bereavement?
the state of having suffered a loss by death
What is anticipatory grieving
when a person thinks or knows that a loss is going to occur in the future
what are 5 grief indicators (peak within 6 months after loss)
1) denial
2) yearning
3) anger
4) depression
5) acceptance
what does it mean to validate a loss
is to reassure the grieving person that the loss was important and understood
brain death is characterized by what 3 findings?
EEG- Absence of electroencephalogram 1) coma 2) absence of brain stem reflexes 3) apnea
how is death defined
the absence of spontaneous breathing and heartbeat
According to the world health organization (WHO) the goal of palliative care is to?
reproduce or relieve the symptoms of a disease without attempting to provide a cure
What is hospice?
6 months or less to live comfort care only
what is the intent of hospice care?
to help patients in the end stage of life, and their families, to experience the process of death with the highest quality of life and least amount of disruption
Multiple theories have identified commonly seen patterns and emotions experienced by the dying person and their loved ones (6)
1) fear of dying
2) yearning
3) guilt
4) hope
5) despair
6) humor
What are the 5 stages of coping with death?
1) denial
2) anger
3) bargaining
4) depression
5) acceptance
What is the study of thanatology
the study of death
What is hope?
an inner positive life force , a feeling that what is desired is possible
What is the concept of comfort care?
focuses on identifying symptoms that cause the patient distress and adequately treating those symptoms
What contributes to the patients sense of acceptance?
listening skills, observation, and use use of nonverbal communication, touch, and presence
What are 3 common problems of the dying patient and nursing management
1) anticipatory guidance
2) end stage symptom management
3) pain control
What is the three step ladder?
The WHO has developed a three step ladder to the adequate pain relief
1) start with non-opioid drugs
2) if pain persists or increases add opioid designed for mild or moderate pain
3) if pain persists or increases, change to an opioid designed for moderate to severe pain
distilling of hope
you will be able to relieve respiratory distress
Who is the best judge on their treatment, who knows best about their
the patient
what helps in awkward situations?
time and experience
who can asses for pain
only nurses
morphine can do what
can decrease secretion and ease breathing
What do you need to determine the necessity for increasing dosage?
carefully assess pain location, intensity, and response
give medication every 2-4 hours
Is there a risk of becoming addicted to pain medication on end of life care
no
medications such as _____ or ______ can decrease secretions and ease breathing.
scopolamine patch or moraphine
constipation is predictable for a patient receiving
opiods
How many days until you give someone something to assist to defecate
3 days
(T/F)
There is some evidence to suggest that starvation and dehydration decreases the patients awareness of pain by producing chemicals that act like pain relievers
TRUE
What is Cheyne Stokes respiration’s?
respiration’s that gradually become shallow and are followed by apnea (no breathing)
what is closure?
is to say goodbye to those people and things that are important
what is advance directive
(a living will )
a legal document that outlines the patients wishes
what is a durable power of attorney
legal document that appoints a person chosen by patient when they become incapable of speaking
What is Euthanasia
the act of ending another persons life to end suffering
what is passive euthanasia
when the patient refused treatment that may prolong life
what is assisted suicide
making drugs available to patient
How do you position the body after death?
supine position
15-20 degrees
close eyelids
why do you elevate the patients body postmortem?
prevent blood from pooling (purple skin)
What is rigor mortis?
rigidity of the muscles after death
review the postmortem steps on page
211
Is it ever to late to make life style changes ?
No
In 2013 living age of 65 was
45 million 14%
How many centenarians were there in the 2010 senses?
53,364 with every 20 men there were 100 women
Definition of death
Brain dead
How much exercise can help with mental Decline?
30 minutes five times a week
What should recent retirees do?
Stay active and set small goals
Major contributor factors to live a longer life
Hygiene Health care Education Happy Nonsmoking Married
What is a living will (advanced directive)
Is a legal document that outlines the patients wishes for health care references at the time where they can not communicate for them selves
What are signs of dying
feeling weak and tired. sleeping more or being drowsy. feeling hot or cold. cold hands or feet. eating and drinking less. bladder or bowel problems. breathlessness (dyspnoea) pain.
When do you use a corner
Under suspicious circumstances, deaths result from injury, accident, murder, or suicide
