Ap ch 6 Flashcards
What are appendages?
the hair and skin glands
What is another name for the skin and connective tissues just beneath it?
integument
What term refers to a thin, sheet like structure that may have many important functions in the body . it covers and protects the body surface, lines body cavities, and covers the inner surfaces of the hollow organs such as the digestive, reproductive, and respiratory passage ways?
Membrane
What are two major categories or types of body membranes?
Epithelial membrane and Connective Tissue membrane
______ are composed of epithelial tissue and an underlying layer of fibrous connective tissue?
epithelial membrane
_____ are composed exclusively of various types of connective tissue. no epithelial cells are present in this type of membrane?
connective tissue membrane
Epithelial membranes are ?
avascular
connective tissue membranes are?
vascular
What are three types of epithelial tissue membranes in the body?
#1 cutaneous membrane #2 serous membrane #3 mucous membrane
The ____ is the primary organ of the integumentary system?
the cutaneous membrane (skin)
As with epithelial membranes, a _____ is composed of two distinct layers of tissue?
serous membrane
______ holds and supports the epithelial cells?
basement membrane
The _____ layer is a serous membrane that lines the walls of a body cavity?
parietal layer
The _____ layer is the portion of the membrane that folds inward to cover the surface of organs within a body cavity.
The visceral layer
In the thoracic cavity the serous membrane around each lung is called the __________?
pleura
In the abdominal cavity the serous membrane covering most of the organs called the ____?
peritoneum
The ___ layer forms the lining of the body cavity, and the ____ layer covers the organs found in that cavity?
Parietal and Visceral layer
_____ is a very painful pathological condition characterized by inflammation of the serous membranes that line the chest cavity and cover thee lungs.
Pleurisy
The term _____ is used to describe inflammation of the serous membranes in the abdominal cavity
peritonitis
_____ are epithelial membranes that contain that contain both an epithelial layer and a fibrous connective tissue layer.
mucous membranes
The ____ cells of most mucous membranes secrete a thick slimy material called mucous that that keeps the membranes moist and soft
epithelial
The fibrous connective tissue underling the epithelium in mucous membranes is called the ____
lamina propria
The term ____ is used to describe the transitional area that serves as a point of “fusion” where skin and mucous membranes meet
mucocutaneaous junction
The ____ lining the joint capsules that surround and attach the ends of articulating bones in movable joints are classified as connective tissue membranes
synovial membranes
Synovial membranes are smooth and slick and secrete a thick colorless lubricating fluid called ____
synovial fluid
Where are bursea found?
between moving body parts and they are small cushion like sacs
What is the largest and one of the most important organs of the body
the skin
The ____ is the outermost layer of the skin. It is a relatively thin sheet of stratified squamous epithelium
epidermis
The ____ is the deeper of the two layers. It is thicker than the epidermis and is made up largely of connective tissue
dermis
The layers of the skin are supported by a thick layer loos connective tissue and fat called___
subcutaneous tissue of the hypodermis
The ___ acts as a shock-absorbing pad and helps protect underlying tissues from injury caused by bumps and blows to the body surface
subcutaneous tissue
The basal cells of the innermost layer are called ____
stratum germinativum
____ is a tough water proof material that provides cells in the outer layer of the skin with a horny abrasion resistant and protective quality
Keratin
The tough outermost layer of the epidermis is called the ___
stratum corneum
The deepest cell layer of the stratum germinativum is responsible for the production of a ___ that gives color to the skin
pigment
Melanin is what?
brown pigment
___ is produced by cells called melanoctyes that are found in the bascal layer it is produced and packaged
Melanin
What is the primary function of Melanin?
to absorb harmful ultraviolet radiation from sunlight before it reaches tissues below the outer layers of the epidermis
If blood oxygen levels decrease or if actual blood flow is reduced dramatically the skin turns a blue gray color. This condition is called ____
cyanosis
The junction that exists between the thin superficial epidermal layer of skin and the deeper the dermal layers forms a type of basement membrane called the
dermal-epidermal junction
____ project upward from the dermis into the epidermis and also stabilize the dermal-epidermal junction
dermal papillae
Blisters are what stage?
stage 2
tough and strong fibers are called ___
collagen or white fibers
stretchable and elastic fibers are called ___
elastic or yellow fibers
The ___ increase the surface area of the glue like dermal-epidermal junction that helps to bind the skin layers to each other
dermal papillae
Reticular layer makes up what percentage of the body
80%
The subcutaneous tissue if often called the ___
superficial fascia or hypodermis
The hair of a newborn infant is extremely fine an soft it is called ___
lanugo
Cells of the epidermal layer of the skin grow down into the dermis to form a small tube called the ____
hair follicle
hair growth begins from a small bump called the ___ which is located at the base of the follicle
hair papilla
The nail body nearest the root has a crescent shaped white area known as the ____
lunula
What are the two skin recepters?
lamellar corpuscle (pacini corpuscle) wich is the deeper like the dermis and detects pressure and the tactile corpuscle (meissner corpuscle) which detects light layers?*
The skin glans include what two varities?
sweat glands and sebaceous glands
___ are by far the more numerous important and widespread sweat glands in the body
eccrine sweat glands
Sweat assists in the elimination of ____
waste products such as ammonia and uric acid
____ are found primarily in the skin in the armpit and the pigmented skin areas around the genitals they are also responsible for body odor
Apocrine sweat glands
___ secret oil for the hair and skin
sebaceous glands
___ lubricates the hair and skin
sebum
What are the 5 most important functions of the skin?
1 protection #2 temperature regulation #sense organ activity #4 excretion #5 synthesis of vitamin D
What are the 3 most common types of cancer?
skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma (the most dangerous)
warning signs of melanoma ABCDE
asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving
Rule of asymmetry
benign moles are usually symmetrical. Their halves are mirror images of each other. Melanoma lesions are asymmetrical or lopsided
rule of border
Benign moles are outlined by a distinct border but melanoma lesions are often irregular or indistinct in shape
rule of color
Benign moles may be any shade of brown but are relatively evenly colored. Melanoma lesions tend to be unevenly colored, exhibiting a mixture of shades or colors
rule of diameter
By the time melanoma lesion exhibits characteristic A, B, and C it is also probably larger larger than 6mm (1/4 ??)
rule evolving
moles that continue to evolve or change over time may be cancerous. Besides the changed noted above melanoma lesions ay begin to itch, form an ulcer, or bleed
what is capulary firmability
fluid shifts
HH8V causes
kaposi’s sarcoma
The most serious form of skin cancer is
melanoma
squamous cell carcinoma is
slowly growing carcinoma of the epidermis
Basal cell carcinoma
is a common type of skin cancer
the most important factor in causing common skin cancer is
exposure to the suns ultraviolet radiation
the body is divided into 11 areas of what percentage
9%
destruction of a subcutaneous layer occurs in a ___ degree burn
third
the type of membrane that lines body cavities that open directly to the exterior is known as
mucous
What is first degree burns
typically a sun burn, 1-3 day healing period, and peeling
What is second degree burns
involves deep epidermal layers, always causes injury to upper dermis layer, blisters occur along with severe pain
What is third degree burns
complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis, full thickness burn, great risk of infection
Which Isotonic fluid is commonly given to treat burns
lactated ringers
what fluid with burns that with in a few hours could cause hypovolemic shock is important to replace the fluid within isotonic solution
increase of Capillary permeable
