Ch 11 Slides Flashcards
1
Q
Introduction: Local Government
- _______–any level of government below the state level, including three levels: municipal (city), county, and special district
A
Introduction: Local Government
- Local government –any level of government below the state level, including three levels: municipal (city), county, and special district
2
Q
Introduction: Local Government
- Local governments perform a wide range of services, from: _______
A
Introduction: Local Government
- Local governments perform a wide range of services, from building roads and keeping them clean and safe to collecting garbage and providing health care for the homeless
3
Q
Introduction: Local Government
- Although participation in local government affords citizens the most control over their own lives, voter turnout is _____ for local elections than at any other level
A
Introduction: Local Government
- Although participation in local government affords citizens the most control over their own lives, voter turnout is lower for local elections than at any other level
4
Q
Figure 11.1 Fastest-Growing Texas Cities, 2015 to 2016
A
5
Q
Figure 11.2 Texas Cities That Added the Most People, 2015 to 2016
A
6
Q
Municipal Government
- 11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
- The term municipal government applies to cities, towns, and villages that are recognized by the legislature as being ________ entities
A
Municipal Government
- 11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
- The term municipal government applies to cities, towns, and villages that are recognized by the legislature as being governmental entities
7
Q
Municipal Government
- 11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
- More than __ percent of Texans live within the boundaries of some 1,200 municipalities
A
Municipal Government
- 11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
- More than 80 percent of Texans live within the boundaries of some 1,200 municipalities
8
Q
Municipal Government
- 11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
- Performing a variety of services, municipal governments uniquely reflect the _____ who reside within them
A
Municipal Government
- 11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
- Performing a variety of services, municipal governments uniquely reflect the citizens who reside within them
9
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- Two types of cities: _____ and ______
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- Two types of cities: general law and home rule
10
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- ________–a highly restrictive, and the most fundamental type of, legal status for municipal government
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- General law –a highly restrictive, and the most fundamental type of, legal status for municipal government
11
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- General Law
- Regulated by state law, ______ another layer of local municipal law
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- General Law
- Regulated by state law, without another layer of local municipal law
12
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- General Law
- Less _____ and provide only the most basic services (no “big city” services like libraries, public recreation facilities, and public housing)
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- General Law
- Less autonomous and provide only the most basic services (no “big city” services like libraries, public recreation facilities, and public housing)
13
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- General Law
- _____ taxes
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- General Law
- Lower taxes
14
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- ______ –a legal status that gives municipalities more autonomy in establishing tax rates and providing services; it must be approved by a majority of the voters in municipalities consisting of 5,000 or more persons
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- Home rule –a legal status that gives municipalities more autonomy in establishing tax rates and providing services; it must be approved by a majority of the voters in municipalities consisting of 5,000 or more persons
15
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- Home Rule
- To obtain home rule status, the city’s charter must be approved by the ______ legislature
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- Home Rule
- To obtain home rule status, the city’s charter must be approved by the Texas legislature
16
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- Home Rule
- Requires ___________ management and allows home rule cities to provide more services, such as water, sewage, parks, transportation, and health care
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- Home Rule
- Requires professional management and allows home rule cities to provide more services, such as water, sewage, parks, transportation, and health care
17
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- Home Rule
- _____ local taxes
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Types of Municipalities
- Home Rule
- Higher local taxes
18
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- Three forms of municipal government exist in Texas:
- _______
- _______
- _______
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- Three forms of municipal government exist in Texas:
- mayor-council
- council-manager
- commission
19
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- Each home rule city can _____ and _____ its form of government based on the desires or needs of the community; general law cities may make some modifications but to a much lesser extent
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- Each home rule city can create and modify its form of government based on the desires or needs of the community; general law cities may make some modifications but to a much lesser extent
20
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- ________ –a simple form of government in which most of the day-to-day executive operations are carried out by either the mayor or by a city council
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- Mayor-council –a simple form of government in which most of the day-to-day executive operations are carried out by either the mayor or by a city council
21
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- Mayor-council
- Common in ____ populated and _____ cities
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- Mayor-council
- Common in less populated and rural cities
22
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- Mayor-council
- The county _______ department and volunteer _______ usually see to public safety
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- Mayor-council
- The county sheriff’s department and volunteer firefighters usually see to public safety
23
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- Mayor-council
- Public _____ are frequently provided by cooperatives or special districts, not the local government
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- Mayor-council
- Public utilities are frequently provided by cooperatives or special districts, not the local government
24
Q
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- Two main variations of the mayor-council form of government:
- ______
- ______
A
Municipal Government
11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.
Forms of Municipal Government
- Two main variations of the mayor-council form of government:
- Weak mayor system
- Strong mayor cities
25
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the mayor has limited policy implementation and no veto powers; cannot establish policy without consent of the city council; cannot appoint or remove department heads
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Weak mayor system: the mayor has limited policy implementation and no veto powers; cannot establish policy without consent of the city council; cannot appoint or remove department heads
26
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* __________ the mayor is often empowered to veto policies and ordinances passed by the council and to hire and fire city personnel as he or she deems appropriate
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Strong mayor cities: the mayor is often empowered to veto policies and ordinances passed by the council and to hire and fire city personnel as he or she deems appropriate
* Houston is an example
27
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* _______ -- voters elect a city council and mayor, who in turn hire a city manager to carry out the council’s policies, allowing for both professional management and local political control
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Council-manager –voters elect a city council and mayor, who in turn hire a city manager to carry out the council’s policies, allowing for both professional management and local political control
28
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Council-manager
* _______ –Professional political appointee who oversees city operations on a day-to-day basis
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Council-manager
* City manager –Professional political appointee who oversees city operations on a day-to-day basis
29
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Council-manager
* Mayors have _____ powers; must rely on the force of their personalities to have an impact
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Council-manager
* Mayors have limited powers; must rely on the force of their personalities to have an impact
30
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Council-manager
* Used by most \_\_\_\_\_-and \_\_\_\_\_-sized cities in Texas and throughout the United States
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Council-manager
* Used by most medium-and larger-sized cities in Texas and throughout the United States
31
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Council-manager
* Very little \_\_\_\_\_: optimum level of service and lower taxes
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Council-manager
* Very little waste: optimum level of service and lower taxes
32
Table 11.1 Typical Duties of a City Manager
33
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Commission–a group of elected commissioners run the city’s government, each overseeing a specific component of operations
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* \_\_\_\_\_–a group of elected commissioners run the city’s government, each overseeing a specific component of operations
34
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Commission
* For example, a single commissioner oversees \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Commission
* For example, a single commissioner oversees police and fire, parks and recreation, or public streets
35
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Commission
* Only a ______ of cities operate under the commission system
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Commission
* Only a handful of cities operate under the commission system
36
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Commission
* Criticized for being too \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Commission
* Criticized for being too fragmented
37
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Commission
* Most closely resembles the ______ executive system found at the state level
**Municipal Government**
*11.1 Compare and contrast the two types of cities and several forms of city government.*
Forms of Municipal Government
* Commission
* Most closely resembles the plural executive system found at the state level
38
**Municipal Elections**
* 11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
* All municipal elections in Texas are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, meaning the political party affiliation of the candidates is not identified during the campaign or on the ballot
**Municipal Elections**
* 11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
* All municipal elections in Texas are nonpartisan, meaning the political party affiliation of the candidates is not identified during the campaign or on the ballot
39
**Municipal Elections**
* 11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
* The cost of running a successful municipal campaign is relatively \_\_\_\_
**Municipal Elections**
* 11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
* The cost of running a successful municipal campaign is relatively low
40
**Municipal Elections**
* 11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
* Proponents believe non-partisan elections set up candidates to serve their _______ as a whole and make it easier for officials to work together
**Municipal Elections**
* 11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
* Proponents believe non-partisan elections set up candidates to serve their constituents as a whole and make it easier for officials to work together
41
**Municipal Elections**
* 11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
* Opponents say voters unfamiliar with the candidates’ views may rely on _____ recognition and vote without knowledge
**Municipal Elections**
* 11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
* Opponents say voters unfamiliar with the candidates’ views may rely on name recognition and vote without knowledge
42
**Municipal Elections**
* 11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
* For larger populations, an election administration manages: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Municipal Elections**
* 11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
* For larger populations, an election administration manages elections, certifies ballots, and reports election results
43
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_–a city-wide method of electing representatives where there are no districts or wards drawn, and the candidate may draw votes from the entire area to be governed
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* At-large system –a city-wide method of electing representatives where there are no districts or wards drawn, and the candidate may draw votes from the entire area to be governed
44
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* At-large system
* Most common because it works best for _____ towns
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* At-large system
* Most common because it works best for small towns
45
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* _______ –a system of electing local government leaders whereby the candidates must campaign for a particular seat on the city council
* Place system
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Place system –a system of electing local government leaders whereby the candidates must campaign for a particular seat on the city council
46
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Place system
* Most often used in medium-sized, more homogeneous cities
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Place system
* Most often used in \_\_\_\_\_-sized, more _______ cities
47
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Place system
* Benefits political \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Place system
* Benefits political newcomers
48
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* ___________ –specific geographic area with a population equal to that of other districts that elects one person to represent that area
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Single-member district –specific geographic area with a population equal to that of other districts that elects one person to represent that area
49
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Single-member district
* Promotes diversity in _____ and _____ representation on the city council in larger cities
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Single-member district
* Promotes diversity in ethnic and minority representation on the city council in larger cities
50
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Single-member district
* Usually ______ candidates run at large
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Single-member district
* Usually mayoral candidates run at large
51
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Single-member district
* Opponents point to ______ and \_\_\_\_\_
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Single-member district
* Opponents point to complexities and cost
52
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Single-member district
* In larger cities, successful candidates attempt to form \_\_\_\_\_\_—alliances consisting of a variety of individuals and groups in support of a particular candidate for elected office
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Types of Municipal Elections
* Single-member district
* In larger cities, successful candidates attempt to form coalitions—alliances consisting of a variety of individuals and groups in support of a particular candidate for elected office
53
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Effects of Group Participation
* Decisions that most affect the lives of citizens are made at the _____ level
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Effects of Group Participation
* Decisions that most affect the lives of citizens are made at the local level
54
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Effects of Group Participation
* Locally based groups have made great strides in _____ the course of local government and policies, including:
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Effects of Group Participation
* Locally based groups have made great strides in determining the course of local government and policies, including:
* Ethnic groups
* Neighborhood associations
* Chambers of commerce
* Civic organizations
* Coalitions formed by these groups
55
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Effects of Group Participation
* These groups often take advantage of ___ voter turnout
**Municipal Elections**
*11.2 Evaluate the various structures of municipal government, including elections and forms of government.*
Effects of Group Participation
* These groups often take advantage of low voter turnout
56
**Municipal Finance**
* 11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
* The majority of Texas municipalities rely most heavily on ______ taxes to fund the services they provide
**Municipal Finance**
* 11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
* The majority of Texas municipalities rely most heavily on property taxes to fund the services they provide
57
**Municipal Finance**
* 11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_–a system of taxation that is assessed “according to value,” whereby the more a property is worth, the higher the tax to be paid on it
**Municipal Finance**
* 11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
* Ad valorem –a system of taxation that is assessed “according to value,” whereby the more a property is worth, the higher the tax to be paid on it
58
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
* Other revenue generated by Texas municipalities include:
* Sales tax _____ from the state
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
* Other revenue generated by Texas municipalities include:
* Sales tax rebate from the state
59
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
* Other revenue generated by Texas municipalities include:
* _______ tax from utility companies
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
* Other revenue generated by Texas municipalities include:
* Franchise tax from utility companies
60
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
* Other revenue generated by Texas municipalities include:
* ________ –monies paid to local governments by citizens who utilize a particular government service (e.g., tuition at a state school or fees at a public boat ramp)
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
* Other revenue generated by Texas municipalities include:
* User fees –monies paid to local governments by citizens who utilize a particular government service (e.g., tuition at a state school or fees at a public boat ramp)
61
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
* Other revenue generated by Texas municipalities include:
* _____ taxes to fund or supplement specific projects or services
* Crime prevention, library, and stadium taxes
* Tax increment reinvestment zone (TIRZ) and economic development taxes aim to attract new business
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
* Other revenue generated by Texas municipalities include:
* Special taxes to fund or supplement specific projects or services
* Crime prevention, library, and stadium taxes
* Tax increment reinvestment zone (TIRZ) and economic development taxes aim to attract new business
62
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* The bulk of spending goes toward _______ (police and fire)
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* The bulk of spending goes toward public safety (police and fire)
63
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Cities are bound by ____ to fund their day-to-day operations with money collected from taxes and fees
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Cities are bound by law to fund their day-to-day operations with money collected from taxes and fees
64
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Cities usually _____ money for major expenditures (e.g., flood control systems, buildings, street construction, major equipment)
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Cities usually borrow money for major expenditures (e.g., flood control systems, buildings, street construction, major equipment)
65
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_–long-term infrastructure improvements, such as roads, that are often built with bond money
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Capital improvements –long-term infrastructure improvements, such as roads, that are often built with bond money
66
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Bonds
* ____________ –bonds issued by a local government for the purpose of making capital improvements and, like a mortgage, paid off in small, yearly payments
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Bonds
* General obligation bonds –bonds issued by a local government for the purpose of making capital improvements and, like a mortgage, paid off in small, yearly payments
67
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Bonds
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_–Issued by local governments for the purpose of capital improvements and repaid by revenue generated by the improvement; examples include sports arenas and public facilities for which there is an admission charge
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Bonds
* Revenue bonds –Issued by local governments for the purpose of capital improvements and repaid by revenue generated by the improvement; examples include sports arenas and public facilities for which there is an admission charge
68
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* ________ –power used to reclaim private property in the name of the government if needed for the greater public good
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Eminent Domain –power used to reclaim private property in the name of the government if needed for the greater public good
69
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Eminent Domain
* Used to construct: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Eminent Domain
* Used to construct highways, airports, shopping malls, military installations, and sports stadiums
70
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Eminent Domain
* Recent controversies surround plans to ______ property for projects such as bullet trains and the U.S.-Mexico border wall
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Eminent Domain
* Recent controversies surround plans to seize property for projects such as bullet trains and the U.S.-Mexico border wall
71
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Eminent Domain
* Government must compensate the landowner for “fair market value,” but this is often in \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Eminent Domain
* Government must compensate the landowner for “fair market value,” but this is often in dispute
72
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Budgeting
* Budgeting process requires extensive ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_, as cities strive to maintain the lowest tax rates possible while maintaining the highest level of service
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Budgeting
* Budgeting process requires extensive research and planning, as cities strive to maintain the lowest tax rates possible while maintaining the highest level of service
73
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Budgeting
* In order to attract business and commerce, many municipalities offer financial incentives, called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Budgeting
* In order to attract business and commerce, many municipalities offer financial incentives, called abatements
74
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Budgeting
* Have escalated in both ______ and ______ amounts
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Budgeting
* Have escalated in both frequency and monetary amounts
75
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Budgeting
* More businesses are seeking these ___ incentives to reduce costs
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Budgeting
* More businesses are seeking these tax incentives to reduce costs
76
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Budgeting
* Critics call them corporate welfare; proponents argue they are necessary to offset _____ property taxes
**Municipal Finance**
*11.3 Identify the major sources of revenue and expenditures of local governments.*
Municipal Finance
* Budgeting
* Critics call them corporate welfare; proponents argue they are necessary to offset high property taxes
77
**County Government**
* 11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
* The Texas constitution calls counties “\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ arms of state government”
**County Government**
* 11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
* The Texas constitution calls counties “administrative arms of state government”
78
**County Government**
* 11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
* Everything the counties do is on behalf of the \_\_\_\_\_\_
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
* Everything the counties do is on behalf of the state
* Texas license plates are distributed by the county tax office
* State law violators are prosecuted in the county courts
* State health services are administered through county-run facilities
79
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* Counties are considered “local governments” because county officials are ______ locally from within the county they serve
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* Counties are considered “local governments” because county officials are elected locally from within the county they serve
80
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* Compared to cities, counties are relatively _____ in terms of autonomy because they do not have home rule charters and cannot adopt ordinances
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* Compared to cities, counties are relatively weak in terms of autonomy because they do not have home rule charters and cannot adopt ordinances
81
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* Each county has specific _____ according to its size, location, population density, and other factors
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* Each county has specific needs according to its size, location, population density, and other factors
82
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* Each county, regardless of size, is governed by a five-member county commissioners court composed of: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* Each county, regardless of size, is governed by a five-member county commissioners court composed of four commissioners and presided over by a county judge
83
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* All elected county officials run in partisan elections and serve \_\_\_-year terms
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* All elected county officials run in partisan elections and serve four-year terms
84
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* The county is divided into four precincts of _____ population, with each electing its own commissioner
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* The county is divided into four precincts of equal population, with each electing its own commissioner
85
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* The county judge is elected at \_\_\_\_\_\_
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* The county judge is elected at large
86
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* Commissioners courts act as city managers more than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* Commissioners courts act as city managers more than courts
87
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* ______ among the various elected county officials is especially vital because of the fragmented nature of county government
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* Harmony among the various elected county officials is especially vital because of the fragmented nature of county government
* –For instance, the commissioners court provides the sheriff with funds but has little, if any, oversight on how the funds are spent since the sheriff is independently elected
88
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* Conflicts are ____ and last only a few years—until the next elections
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Structure of County Government
* Conflicts are rare and last only a few years—until the next elections
89
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
* Counties allow _____ to decide whom to elect to positions such as police chiefs, finance officers, and clerks to perform specialized tasks
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
* Counties allow voters to decide whom to elect to positions such as police chiefs, finance officers, and clerks to perform specialized tasks
90
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
* All elected county officials are elected to \_\_\_\_-year terms in partisan elections
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
* All elected county officials are elected to four-year terms in partisan elections
91
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
* County officials answer to the _____ and not the mayor, council, or city manager
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
* County officials answer to the voters and not the mayor, council, or city manager
92
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Primary responsibilities are to provide law enforcement services to areas of the county not served by a police department and to oversee the county jail
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
Sheriff
* Primary responsibilities are to provide law enforcement services to areas of the county not served by a police department and to oversee the county jail
* A Texas peace officer and a conservator of the peace
Enforces the criminal laws of the state
Responsible for bail bonds, civil process, and security of the courts
93
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
Constable
* Primary duties are to work with the justice of the peace courts, serving subpoenas and notices, carrying out evictions, and performing other civil and criminal justice tasks
* Texas peace officers requiring the same training as any sheriff’s deputy, municipal police officer, or state trooper
* Each county elects one constable for each justice of the peace, up to eight justices of the peace and constable precincts
* Many receive additional funding to carry out more traditional law enforcement duties, like monitoring traffic and serving warrants
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
Constable
* Primary duties are to work with the justice of the peace courts, serving subpoenas and notices, carrying out evictions, and performing other civil and criminal justice tasks
* Texas peace officers requiring the same training as any sheriff’s deputy, municipal police officer, or state trooper
* Each county elects one constable for each justice of the peace, up to eight justices of the peace and constable precincts
* Many receive additional funding to carry out more traditional law enforcement duties, like monitoring traffic and serving warrants
94
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* County’s legal officer and adviser
* Provides legal services for county agencies and officials; provides representation in lawsuits against the county; and on the commissioners court’s recommendation, may initiate lawsuits
* Sole discretion in determining whether an individual will be held accountable for committing a crime
* Can have a direct impact on the safety and quality of life
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
District or County Attorney
* County’s legal officer and adviser
* Provides legal services for county agencies and officials; provides representation in lawsuits against the county; and on the commissioners court’s recommendation, may initiate lawsuits
* Sole discretion in determining whether an individual will be held accountable for committing a crime
* Can have a direct impact on the safety and quality of life
95
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Is official custodian of county records
* Is registrar, recorder, and custodian of all documents that are part of criminal, juvenile, family court, and civil actions
* The staff manages jury duty these notices and assigns prospective jurors to the various courts
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
District Clerk
* Is official custodian of county records
* Is registrar, recorder, and custodian of all documents that are part of criminal, juvenile, family court, and civil actions
* The staff manages jury duty these notices and assigns prospective jurors to the various courts
96
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Responsible for maintaining the county’s legal records and vital statistics, such as birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, and real estate transactions
* Records the court’s minutes and certifies all candidates running for countywide office
* Role varies greatly from county to county
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
County Clerk
* Responsible for maintaining the county’s legal records and vital statistics, such as birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, and real estate transactions
* Records the court’s minutes and certifies all candidates running for countywide office
* Role varies greatly from county to county
97
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Responsible for identifying taxable property and collecting taxes that are due to the state and county
* –In the past, tax assessors were burdened with tremendous pressure from property owners seeking lower property values in order to lower taxes
* Collect registration renewal fees and issue titles for motor vehicles
* Registers voters in some counties
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
Tax Assessor-Collector
* Responsible for identifying taxable property and collecting taxes that are due to the state and county
* –In the past, tax assessors were burdened with tremendous pressure from property owners seeking lower property values in order to lower taxes
* Collect registration renewal fees and issue titles for motor vehicles
* Registers voters in some counties
98
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* County’s official bookkeeper
* Responsible for tracking all collections and expenditures and has considerable input in formulating the county’s budget
* Many urban counties have replaced this elected office with a county auditor appointed by the commissioners court
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Elected Officials
Treasurer
* County’s official bookkeeper
* Responsible for tracking all collections and expenditures and has considerable input in formulating the county’s budget
* Many urban counties have replaced this elected office with a county auditor appointed by the commissioners court
99
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Criticism of County Government and Proposed Reform
* The major stumbling block on the path to reform is the Texas constitution, prohibiting counties from establishing ___________ and mandating a _____ executive system
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Criticism of County Government and Proposed Reform
* The major stumbling block on the path to reform is the Texas constitution, prohibiting counties from establishing home rule charters and ordinances and mandating a plural executive system
100
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Criticism of County Government and Proposed Reform
* The most common complaints about county government:
**County Government**
*11.4 Explain why counties were established and how they have evolved.*
Criticism of County Government and Proposed Reform
* The most common complaints about county government:
* The long ballot (diffusing accountability)
* Inability to establish home rule
* Inability to pass ordinances
101
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_–a type of local government established for a specific geographic area and for a specific purpose such as education, flood control, or public utility service
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
Special district–a type of local government established for a specific geographic area and for a specific purpose such as education, flood control, or public utility service
102
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
Special District
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
Special District
* Substantially independent from other governments
* “Government character”–they have a source of funding
* “Recognized existence”–must be chartered by the state or otherwise approved by the state legislature and conduct business openly
103
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
The Nature of Special Districts
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
The Nature of Special Districts
* Special districts make up the fastest-growing form of government in the nation today, especially in Texas
* More than 4,000 special districts in Texas, more than the number of cities and counties combined
* Most transcend city and county political boundaries and serve larger regions of the state
* Special districts fall under two broad categories: education and non-education
104
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
Types of Special Districts
Education Districts
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
Types of Special Districts
Education Districts
* **Independent school district (ISD)–**local-level limited-purpose government that determines public school policy
* Each of approximately 1,000 Texas ISDs is governed by a school board, four to nine members chosen in local nonpartisan elections
* School board hires a professional manager, or superintendent; establishes a school calendar; sets teacher salaries, qualifications, and standards; oversees the construction and maintenance of buildings, vehicles, and other equipment; establishes the property tax rate; and selects textbooks
105
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
Types of Special Districts
Education Districts
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
Types of Special Districts
Education Districts
* Most public school funding comes from local property taxes
* Disparity among ISDs: property rich and property poor districts refer to the amount of property taxes collected
* ISD funding is also received from the state’s Foundation School Program and other state and federal grants
* Approximately 50 community college districts offer academic and vocational programs
* Funding comes from property taxes and tuition
106
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
Types of Special Districts
Education Districts
Non-Education Districts
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
Types of Special Districts
Education Districts
Non-Education Districts
* Hundreds of special districts deliver services such as water and utilities, public housing, hospitals, public transportation, flood control, noxious weed control, and wind erosion
* Most funding comes from property taxes
* Other sources of revenue include user fees, special sales taxes, and grants from the state and federal governments
107
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
Councils of Government
**Special Districts**
*11.5 Summarize the importance of special districts in Texas.*
Councils of Government
* **Council of government (COG)** –A regional voluntary cooperative with no regulatory or enforcement powers; it consists of local governments and assesses the needs of the area as a whole
* 24 COGs in Texas facilitate government services and prevent duplication of research and work
* No taxing power and cannot pass laws, rules, ordinances, or sanctions
