Ch. 1 The Microbial World and You

Question 1

Global burden of infection Disease in common?

Answer 1

Extreme poverty and children get it worse

Question 2

TB

Answer 2

1/3 of the world infected

Question 3

Malaria

Answer 3

200 million

Question 4

Influenza

Answer 4

4,000 deaths in US

40,000 globally

Question 5

Hepatitis

Answer 5

Globally at least 50 million

Question 6

AIDs

Answer 6

Cases in US 900,000 deaths

Globally 32 million (most in Africa)

Question 7

Ascariasis

Answer 7

Round worm infection in lungs

Infected 1.5 billion

Question 8

Types of Microorganisms:

Answer 8

• Bacteria & archae (living): archae doesn’t make us sick
• Fungi (yeast & molds) (living): Yeast is unicellular and mold multicellular
• Protozoam (living)
• Algae (living)
• Helminths (living): Animals (flukes & worms)
• Viruses (Not living)
• Prions (Not living): Modifies proteins

Question 9

Cell

Answer 9

Smallest unit of life

Need at least 1 cell to be consider living.

Question 10

Global burden

Answer 10

• 13 million deaths a year
• Ex: TB, AIDs, Influenza, Malaria, Influenza, Hepatitis, Cholera, Ascariasis, Staph, Diarrheal diseases (#2 killer of children)

Question 11

Photosynthesis

Answer 11

A food and oxygen generating process that is critical to life on Earth.

Question 12

Nomenclature

Answer 12

Naming system for microbes

- Genus + Species (Specific Epithet)

Question 13

True or False

Most microbes are not pathogenic, few that can make us sick.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Aseptic Technique

Answer 14

Technique that prevents contamination by unwanted microorganisms.

Question 15

Spontaneous generation

Answer 15

Ideal or proposal that you sent out to explore through experimentation

Question 16

Biogenesis

Answer 16

The claim that living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells.

Question 17

Pioneer:

Robert Hooke

Answer 17

• Discovered and named cells –> cell theory (Ex: skin, leaves, tissues)
• Looked through homemade microscope
• Looked at a lot of sliced tissue

Question 18

Pioneer:

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

Answer 18

• Lens grinder
• 1st to observe microbes and some bacteria
• Made practical microscopes, 300x max
• 1st to observe amimacules, bc the chemist had molecules and they looked like animals, later called microbes (bacteria).

Question 19

Pioneer:

Rudolph Virchow

Answer 19

Proposed Hypothesis called “biogenesis”
- Why smaller forms of life come about spontaneously when larger ones don’t (something contaminated with microbial growth)

Question 20

Pioneer:

Louis Pasteur

Answer 20

• Master of Microbiology
• Yeast ferment sugars -> alcohol (grapes to wine)
• Acid producing bacteria -> acids by fermenting sugars (turns wine into vinegar)
• Pasteurization, to kill bacteria (aseptic technique)
• Demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air, everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis
• Discredited spontaneous generation theory

Question 21

Pioneer:

Robert Koch

Answer 21

• Proved Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis

* Koch’s postulates- steps to relate a microbe to an infectious disease

Question 22

Pioneer:

Alexander Fleming

Answer 22

• Bacteriologist
• credited for discovering Penicillin
• Bacterial cidal- kill bacteria
• Penicillin- First successful antibiotic to be used to treat gram-positive infection.

Question 23

Criteria for Koch’s postulates

Answer 23

1) Some pathogen must be present in the disease
2) Pathogen must be isolated from the disease
3) Pathogen from the pure culture
4) Pathogen must be isolated

Question 24

What are the microbes that cause infectious disease?

Answer 24

• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protozoans
• Algae
• Helminths
• Viruses and Prions (Considered non-living because their acellular)

Question 25

Koch’s Postulates

Answer 25

• Pathogen present in every case of the disease
• Pathogen isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture
• Pathogen from pure culture must cause disease when inoculated in healthy susceptible laboratory animal
• Pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and must be shown to be original organism

Question 26

Pure Culture

Answer 26

Growing by itself without any contamination in the lab on a culture

Question 27

How can microbes be used to benefit us? (6)

Answer 27

• Compost
• Vaccination
• Food and beverages (Fermentation)
• Pesticide via GM foods
• Sewage treatment (waste)
• Pharmaceuticals via GM yeast and bacteria
• Bioremediation
• Probiotics

Question 28

Not so good side to microbes?

Answer 28

• Infectious diseases
• Food & water contamination
• New antibiotic resistant strain
• Crop destruction (mostly molds)
• Form biofilms
- Thick layer of microbes that line and stick to surfaces (Ex. catheters, central lines, ventilators)
- Approx. 70% or more of infections acquired in hospitals come from biofilms…they occur when correct aseptic techniques aren’t used

Question 29

Germ theory of disease

Answer 29

• Microorganisms might cause disease
• First link was yeast play a role in fermentation…which showed the activity of microorganism and physical and chemical changes in organic materials

Question 30

Roles in natural world

Answer 30

• Decompose organic and some inorganic compounds (matter)
• Recycle (O2 released via photosynthesis and Carbon via breakdown of organic compounds)
• Make O2 by photosynthesis (Ex. algae and cyanobacteria….microbes produces most O2)
• Fixation (Ex. N2 (2 nitrogens) fixation & C fixation)
• Normal microbiota

Question 31

Amino acids

Answer 31

Contain Nitrogen

Make protein

Question 32

Nucleotides

Answer 32

Contain Nitrogen

DNA and RNA, which are nucleic acids

Question 33

Biofilms

Answer 33

A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface.