CH. 1 - Fundamentals Of IFR Flashcards
When is an instrument rating required for a pilot to operate as PIC of a civil aircraft?
When on an IFR flight plan, in weather conditions less than VFR minimums, or in Class A airspace.
What must an instrument rating be specific to in order to operate as PIC?
The category and class of aircraft flown.
What is required for a commercial pilot to carry passengers for hire at night or over 50 NM?
An instrument rating in the same category and class of aircraft.
What recent flight experience is required to act as PIC under IFR?
6 instrument approaches, holding procedures, and intercepting/tracking courses within the last 6 months.
What is required if an instrument pilot hasn’t met recent flight experience within 12 months?
They must pass an instrument proficiency check.
What conditions must be met for logging instrument time?
The pilot must be controlling the aircraft solely by reference to flight instruments in actual or simulated instrument conditions.
What must be logged when flying with a safety pilot in simulated instrument conditions?
The location and type of each instrument approach, and the name of the safety pilot.
What additional equipment is required for IFR flight beyond VFR day and night requirements?
Generator/alternator, radios, sensitive altimeter, inclinometer, clock, attitude indicator, rate of turn indicator, directional gyro.
How often must the static pressure system and altimeter be inspected under IFR?
Every 24 calendar months.
How often must VOR operational checks be made for IFR navigation?
Every 30 days.
What is the maximum allowable tolerance for a dual VOR check during an operational check?
±4° variation.
What is the maximum allowable tolerance for a ground-based VOT check during a VOR operational check?
±4° variation.
What is the maximum allowable tolerance for an airborne checkpoint during a VOR operational check?
±6° variation.
What details must be recorded after a VOR operational check?
The date, place, bearing error, and pilot signature.
Which flight instruments rely on the static system for air pressure?
The airspeed indicator, vertical speed indicator (VSI) and altimeter.
Which flight instrument relies on both the pitot and static systems?
The airspeed indicator.
What happens to the airspeed indicator when both the pitot tube and drain hole are blocked?
It acts as an altimeter.
How does the airspeed indicator behave when only the front of the pitot tube is blocked?
It reads zero.
How can calibrated airspeed (CAS) be determined?
By using ____________ airspeed, ___________ _____________, and outside _____________ ______________temperature with a flight computer.
**By using true airspeed, pressure altitude, and outside air temperature with a flight computer.
How does the altimeter determine altitude?
By measuring the difference between ____________ _____________ pressure and _____________ ______________ pressure.
By measuring the difference between sea level pressure and outside air pressure.
What is the approximate altitude change for a 1-inch change in altimeter setting?
Roughly 1,000 feet.
What should the altimeter be set to above FL180?
Standard pressure of 29.92”Hg.
What does the turn coordinator indicate?
The rate of roll and rate of turn.
How is bank angle indirectly indicated on the turn coordinator?
By the movement of the _____________ _____________, which shows a turn based on the _____________ of _____________.
By the movement of the miniature airplane, which shows a turn based on the rate of turn.
What system supplies attitude and heading information in glass cockpits?
The Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS).
Which system generates airspeed, altitude, and vertical speed in glass cockpits?
The Air Data Computer (ADC).
What is actual altitude?
Height above _____________ _____________ (_____________).
Height above ground level (AGL).
What is true altitude?
Height above mean sea level (MSL).
What is indicated altitude?
True altitude as indicated on the altimeter.
How does the altimeter display indicated altitude?
By comparing _____________ _____________ pressure to the _____________ _____________ pressure set in the _____________ window.
By comparing outside air pressure to the sea level pressure set in the Kollsman window.
How does temperature affect altimeter readings?
In warmer temperatures, the altimeter reads a _____________altitude than _____________ altitude due to expanded _____________ columns.
In warmer temperatures, the altimeter reads a lower altitude than true altitude due to expanded air columns.
What is pressure altitude?
True altitude corrected for nonstandard pressure.
How can pressure altitude be determined using an altimeter?
Set the altimeter to 29.92” Hg.
What is density altitude?
Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature.
What happens to density altitude when temperatures are hotter than standard?
Density altitude is ____________ than ______________ altitude.
Density altitude is higher than pressure altitude.
What is true airspeed?
The actual speed the aircraft moves through the air.
What is indicated airspeed?
The speed shown on the airspeed indicator.
How is indicated airspeed determined?
By ______________ differentials in the ____________ and ____________ systems.
By pressure differentials in the pitot and static systems.
What is calibrated airspeed?
_____________ airspeed corrected for _____________ and _____________ errors.
Indicated airspeed corrected for installation and instrument errors.
Which instruments are used for pitch control during attitude instrument flying?
Attitude Indicator, Altimeter, Airspeed Indicator, and VSI.
Which instruments are used for bank control during attitude instrument flying?
Attitude Indicator, Heading Indicator, Turn Coordinator, and Magnetic Compass.
Which instruments are used for power control during attitude instrument flying?
Manifold Pressure Gauge, Tachometer, and Airspeed Indicator.
What is the primary pitch instrument for straight and level flight?
Altimeter.
What is the primary bank instrument for straight and level flight?
Heading Indicator.
What is the primary power instrument for straight and level flight?
Airspeed Indicator.
During a change in airspeed in straight and level flight, what is the primary pitch instrument?
Altimeter.
What is the primary bank instrument when establishing a level standard rate turn?
Attitude Indicator.
What is the primary pitch instrument during a stabilized standard rate turn?
Altimeter.
What is the primary bank instrument during a stabilized standard rate turn?
Turn Coordinator.
What is a coordinated turn in terms of the inclinometer ball’s position?
The ball will be centered.
Where is the ball located on the inclinometer during a skid?
On the outside of the turn.
Where is the ball located on the inclinometer during a slip?
On the inside of the turn.
What is the compass acceleration error in the Northern Hemisphere when accelerating on an east or west heading?
The compass shows a turn toward the ______________.
The compass shows a turn toward the north.
What is the compass deceleration error in the Northern Hemisphere when decelerating on an east or west heading?
The compass shows a turn toward the south.
What is the memory aid for compass acceleration and deceleration error?
ANDS: Accelerate North, Decelerate South.
What is the memory aid for compass turning error when turning from a north or south heading?
UNOS: Undershoot North, Overshoot South.
How does the compass behave when turning from a north heading in the Northern Hemisphere?
It initially shows a turn in the _____________ direction and _______________ the turn.
It initially shows a turn in the opposite direction and lags the turn.
How does the compass behave when turning from a south heading in the Northern Hemisphere?
It shows a ____________ degree turn in the same direction and _______________ the turn.
It shows a greater degree turn in the same direction and leads the turn.
When does the compass not exhibit turning errors?
When turning through an east or west heading.
Under what condition does the compass not exhibit turning errors during a turn?
When the turn is not accompanied by a ____________.
When the turn is not accompanied by a bank.
What do the hash marks on a turn coordinator indicate?
A standard rate of turn, equal to 360 degrees in 2 minutes.
How does airspeed affect the angle of bank required for a standard rate turn?
The faster the airspeed, the greater the angle of bank required.
Which instruments run off the vacuum system?
The heading indicator and attitude indicator.
Which instrument runs off the electrical system?
The turn coordinator.
Which instruments rely on the pitot-static system?
The airspeed indicator (pitot-static) and the altimeter and VSI (static only).
What steps should be taken when an instrument failure occurs?
C
I
D
F
Conflicting Instruments
Identify Failed System
Diagnose
Fly partial panel
